2 Brain and Classical Neural Networks
... the postsynaptic are summed up. The amplitude of individual PSP’s is about 1 mV, thus quite a number of inputs is required to reach the ‘firing’ threshold, of tens of mV. Otherwise the postsynaptic neuron remains in the resting or none state. The cycle-time of a neuron, i.e., the time from the emissi ...
... the postsynaptic are summed up. The amplitude of individual PSP’s is about 1 mV, thus quite a number of inputs is required to reach the ‘firing’ threshold, of tens of mV. Otherwise the postsynaptic neuron remains in the resting or none state. The cycle-time of a neuron, i.e., the time from the emissi ...
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... tones was fixed for each animal (5, 7.5, and 15 pps, n ⫽ 4, 2, and 4 rats, respectively). All tones had 3-ms onset and offset ramps. The tones paired with BF stimulation were 250 ms in duration except for the tone trains that were composed of 25-ms tones. To establish the specificity of BF pairing, ...
... tones was fixed for each animal (5, 7.5, and 15 pps, n ⫽ 4, 2, and 4 rats, respectively). All tones had 3-ms onset and offset ramps. The tones paired with BF stimulation were 250 ms in duration except for the tone trains that were composed of 25-ms tones. To establish the specificity of BF pairing, ...
Handout: E-Brain Manual - Faculty Web Sites at the University of
... with the neural surface. When dissected from the brain, the depths of the sulci can be explored. If not dissected, the sulci and fissures often have overlying blood vessels that have a dark appearance. The pia has not been dissected or removed in eBrain. Folds The dura mater has specific folds that ...
... with the neural surface. When dissected from the brain, the depths of the sulci can be explored. If not dissected, the sulci and fissures often have overlying blood vessels that have a dark appearance. The pia has not been dissected or removed in eBrain. Folds The dura mater has specific folds that ...
Branching Thalamic Afferents Link Action and Perception
... messages from peripheral receptors. No matter how one views the branching axons, in terms of which represents a “copy” of the other, the branch to the thalamus carries, in addition to the sensory information that has been the major or only focus for sensory physiologists, a considerable burden of in ...
... messages from peripheral receptors. No matter how one views the branching axons, in terms of which represents a “copy” of the other, the branch to the thalamus carries, in addition to the sensory information that has been the major or only focus for sensory physiologists, a considerable burden of in ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... conditioned r e s p e s are the result of the mutual interaction betmeen two arcs of excibatolry conditioned reflexes. In the case of alimentary reflexes, one reflex arc is formed as an result of association of a definite conditioned stimulus with food, as an uncmditioned stimulus. The other reflex ...
... conditioned r e s p e s are the result of the mutual interaction betmeen two arcs of excibatolry conditioned reflexes. In the case of alimentary reflexes, one reflex arc is formed as an result of association of a definite conditioned stimulus with food, as an uncmditioned stimulus. The other reflex ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... alleled by an elaboration and specialization of the noradrenergic and serotoninergic projections to neocortex. Compared to rat, both of these systems in primates exhibit substantial regional heterogeneity in the density and laminar distribution of cortical fibers (Brown et al., 1979; Morrison et al. ...
... alleled by an elaboration and specialization of the noradrenergic and serotoninergic projections to neocortex. Compared to rat, both of these systems in primates exhibit substantial regional heterogeneity in the density and laminar distribution of cortical fibers (Brown et al., 1979; Morrison et al. ...
Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity Based on
... etc), the number of subjects, subject demographics, and handedness (if available), a description of the task in the control and test conditions, and x, y, and z stereotaxic coordinates of all reported activation peaks. If a paper reported a deactivation (negative peak), test and control tasks were r ...
... etc), the number of subjects, subject demographics, and handedness (if available), a description of the task in the control and test conditions, and x, y, and z stereotaxic coordinates of all reported activation peaks. If a paper reported a deactivation (negative peak), test and control tasks were r ...
Encoding Information in Neuronal Activity
... The firing pattern, and the correlations between simultaneously recorded neurons in two separated recording sites, were examined in a number of different conditions , two of which are illustrated in Figure 4.3. In one of these conditions there is a persistent tone, and in the other there is a short ...
... The firing pattern, and the correlations between simultaneously recorded neurons in two separated recording sites, were examined in a number of different conditions , two of which are illustrated in Figure 4.3. In one of these conditions there is a persistent tone, and in the other there is a short ...
The Vestibular System
... out by motion in the plane of the affected posterior canal. This can be treated by the Epley maneuver, that rotates the head to float the debris away. B. Acute viral labyrinthitis. C. Alcohol – alcohol is lighter than blood, so the hair cells float in the endolymph. XV. Central causes of vertigo and ...
... out by motion in the plane of the affected posterior canal. This can be treated by the Epley maneuver, that rotates the head to float the debris away. B. Acute viral labyrinthitis. C. Alcohol – alcohol is lighter than blood, so the hair cells float in the endolymph. XV. Central causes of vertigo and ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... guish clearly in our material the borders between area 36 '85). The anterolateral tip of the tangential section consists and area 20 (Miller and Vogt, '84a). of the ventral orbital area (Zilles, '851, designated also area Primary motor area (Ml) was defined cytoarchitectonically by the appearance of ...
... guish clearly in our material the borders between area 36 '85). The anterolateral tip of the tangential section consists and area 20 (Miller and Vogt, '84a). of the ventral orbital area (Zilles, '851, designated also area Primary motor area (Ml) was defined cytoarchitectonically by the appearance of ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
... Aertsen et al., 1989; Gerstein et al., 1989; Palm 1990; Singer et al., 1997). Obviously, it becomes necessary to monitor large neuronal populations simultaneously rather than just one neuron at a time. In addition, experi mental approaches are required which address the dynamics o f neuronal intera ...
... Aertsen et al., 1989; Gerstein et al., 1989; Palm 1990; Singer et al., 1997). Obviously, it becomes necessary to monitor large neuronal populations simultaneously rather than just one neuron at a time. In addition, experi mental approaches are required which address the dynamics o f neuronal intera ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... PV receives input from all major components of the circadian system including SCN, led Moga et al. (1995) to conclude that, “the anterior PV is ideally situated to relay circadian timing information from the SCN to brain areas involved in visceral and motivation aspects of behavior and to provide fe ...
... PV receives input from all major components of the circadian system including SCN, led Moga et al. (1995) to conclude that, “the anterior PV is ideally situated to relay circadian timing information from the SCN to brain areas involved in visceral and motivation aspects of behavior and to provide fe ...
Acquired Equivalence and Distinctiveness of Cues
... Revaluation of A and C and Test Trials With B and D Prior to the appetitive revaluation procedure, we established that rats’ behavior in the presence of B and D did not differ (see following Results section). We did this by recording the rates of magazine entries during the 10-s periods that immedia ...
... Revaluation of A and C and Test Trials With B and D Prior to the appetitive revaluation procedure, we established that rats’ behavior in the presence of B and D did not differ (see following Results section). We did this by recording the rates of magazine entries during the 10-s periods that immedia ...
Everitt et al. (2000) in The Amygdala - Rudolf Cardinal
... There is perhaps a tendency to assume that the amygdala alone is involved in associations between environmental stimuli and reinforcing events, especially in studies of aversive conditioning. However, not only is it clear that some forms of fear-motivated learning, such as aversive eye-blink conditi ...
... There is perhaps a tendency to assume that the amygdala alone is involved in associations between environmental stimuli and reinforcing events, especially in studies of aversive conditioning. However, not only is it clear that some forms of fear-motivated learning, such as aversive eye-blink conditi ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo to each of the responses. The four columns of units in the striatum represent, from left to right, Go-R1, Go-R2, NoGoR1 and ...
... two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo to each of the responses. The four columns of units in the striatum represent, from left to right, Go-R1, Go-R2, NoGoR1 and ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... proposed. Caviness and colleagues (12), using cresyl violet histology, observed continuity of certain layers between normal and 4-layered polymicrogyric cortex and proposed that the 4-layered pattern was produced by laminar destruction of the middle cortical layers. Ferrer and Catalá (13, 14) studi ...
... proposed. Caviness and colleagues (12), using cresyl violet histology, observed continuity of certain layers between normal and 4-layered polymicrogyric cortex and proposed that the 4-layered pattern was produced by laminar destruction of the middle cortical layers. Ferrer and Catalá (13, 14) studi ...
doc midterm 1 chapter notes
... o Galen discounted this, saying that if it were so, then nerve endings would go to the heart, not the mind. René Descartes, said that animals (including humans) are machines, and once set on this earth behave without any divine intervention. He defined the term reflex: An automatic, stereotyped move ...
... o Galen discounted this, saying that if it were so, then nerve endings would go to the heart, not the mind. René Descartes, said that animals (including humans) are machines, and once set on this earth behave without any divine intervention. He defined the term reflex: An automatic, stereotyped move ...
Fast Readout of Object Identity from Macaque Inferior Temporal Cortex
... ‘‘identity’’ and ‘‘category.’’ This information generalized over a range of object positions and scales, even for novel objects. Coarse information about position and scale could also be read out from the same population. Primates can recognize and categorize objects as quickly as 200 ms after stimu ...
... ‘‘identity’’ and ‘‘category.’’ This information generalized over a range of object positions and scales, even for novel objects. Coarse information about position and scale could also be read out from the same population. Primates can recognize and categorize objects as quickly as 200 ms after stimu ...
19 CORTICAL PROJECTIONS FROM TWO PRESTRIATE AREAS IN
... all these areas, regions of vertical meridian representation in area 18 project to two strips outside (anterior to) area 19 and that a third, separate, field receives a small projection (anterior part of prelunate gyrus in upper area 18 lesions, anterior bank of inferior occipital sulcus in lower ar ...
... all these areas, regions of vertical meridian representation in area 18 project to two strips outside (anterior to) area 19 and that a third, separate, field receives a small projection (anterior part of prelunate gyrus in upper area 18 lesions, anterior bank of inferior occipital sulcus in lower ar ...
reward and reinforcement i
... Skinner. Skinner believed that all behavior was shaped by positive or negative events. A behavioral act often results in consequences that lead to an increase or decrease in the subsequent frequency of that behavior. This is called instrumental (also called "operant") conditioning, which was first d ...
... Skinner. Skinner believed that all behavior was shaped by positive or negative events. A behavioral act often results in consequences that lead to an increase or decrease in the subsequent frequency of that behavior. This is called instrumental (also called "operant") conditioning, which was first d ...
Computational modeling of responses in human visual
... Figure 1. Visual field maps in occipital cortex. The small inset at the upper right is a smoothed rendering of the surface boundary between gray matter and white matter in a right hemisphere, and ...
... Figure 1. Visual field maps in occipital cortex. The small inset at the upper right is a smoothed rendering of the surface boundary between gray matter and white matter in a right hemisphere, and ...
Isodirectional Tuning of Adjacent Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells
... Investigations of spatially tuned neuronal activity promise to elucidate the respective roles of afferent organization and local cortical circuitry in the processes underlying regional cortical function. Directionally selective activity has been observed in many areas of the brain, from the visual ( ...
... Investigations of spatially tuned neuronal activity promise to elucidate the respective roles of afferent organization and local cortical circuitry in the processes underlying regional cortical function. Directionally selective activity has been observed in many areas of the brain, from the visual ( ...
Lec #10_Central Vis - Biology Courses Server
... – Discrete point of light: Activates many cells in the target structure due to overlapping receptive fields – Perception: Based on the brain’s interpretation of distributed patterns of activity Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... – Discrete point of light: Activates many cells in the target structure due to overlapping receptive fields – Perception: Based on the brain’s interpretation of distributed patterns of activity Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Hippocampus – Why is it studied so frequently?
... the name “polysynaptic pathway”, based on the findings that the subiculum also takes part in the intrinsic hippocampal circuitry. The polysynaptic pathway thus, is the chain of at least four synapses connecting the entorhinal area (presubiculum, parasubiculum and entorhinal cortex), the gyrus dentat ...
... the name “polysynaptic pathway”, based on the findings that the subiculum also takes part in the intrinsic hippocampal circuitry. The polysynaptic pathway thus, is the chain of at least four synapses connecting the entorhinal area (presubiculum, parasubiculum and entorhinal cortex), the gyrus dentat ...
Anatomy Lecture 3 Descending Motor Tracts In the last lecture the
... Interneurons are divided into excitatory and inhibitory neurons; its (the division’s) importance is explained in the following example: if a person wants to flex his fingers, there must be an excitatory effect on the flexors and inhibitory effect on the extensors. So the fibers that will synapse on ...
... Interneurons are divided into excitatory and inhibitory neurons; its (the division’s) importance is explained in the following example: if a person wants to flex his fingers, there must be an excitatory effect on the flexors and inhibitory effect on the extensors. So the fibers that will synapse on ...