Topographic Maps are Fundamental to Sensory
... with any other, and thus, inputs from a sensory surface may distribute randomly to the next level and still be useful if one adjusts synaptic (connectional) strengths to create the desired outcome. But neurons are very different from the components of electronic processors (see [25]). For neurons, i ...
... with any other, and thus, inputs from a sensory surface may distribute randomly to the next level and still be useful if one adjusts synaptic (connectional) strengths to create the desired outcome. But neurons are very different from the components of electronic processors (see [25]). For neurons, i ...
annual report of the erwin l. hahn institute for magnetic resonance
... concentrations in the mPFC. We found that brain processes inherent to memory formation cause an increase in GLX concentration which is related to the amount of GABA. Moreover, this effect appears to be related to functional connectivity between mPFC and thalamus and performance on the face-name asso ...
... concentrations in the mPFC. We found that brain processes inherent to memory formation cause an increase in GLX concentration which is related to the amount of GABA. Moreover, this effect appears to be related to functional connectivity between mPFC and thalamus and performance on the face-name asso ...
OSC_Psychology_TestBank_Ch06_Learning
... 1. Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________. A. negative punishment *B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement Difficulty: Moderate APA St ...
... 1. Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________. A. negative punishment *B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement Difficulty: Moderate APA St ...
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES
... of most cingulate cortex areas can be explained by the fact that the cingulate cortex is usually referred to as the central controller of cognitive activity because it filters irrelevant information. The dorsal cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 31), however, has controversial qualities, as its size co ...
... of most cingulate cortex areas can be explained by the fact that the cingulate cortex is usually referred to as the central controller of cognitive activity because it filters irrelevant information. The dorsal cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 31), however, has controversial qualities, as its size co ...
Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical
... mitral cells innervating an individual glomerulus discard the insular and invariant spatial segregation of the bulb and project dense, dispersed axons to the piriform cortex with no discernible spatial bias. Next we examined the patterns of projections of single glomeruli to the cortical amygdala. T ...
... mitral cells innervating an individual glomerulus discard the insular and invariant spatial segregation of the bulb and project dense, dispersed axons to the piriform cortex with no discernible spatial bias. Next we examined the patterns of projections of single glomeruli to the cortical amygdala. T ...
General knowledge about nervous system
... Large doses of opiates can be fatal b/c suppress activity of medulla…why…?...b/c receptors there! ...
... Large doses of opiates can be fatal b/c suppress activity of medulla…why…?...b/c receptors there! ...
File Now
... LO5: Describe the organization of primary motor cortex and the current view of its function. LO6: Discuss the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia. LO7: List and explain the 4 descending motor pathways. LO8: Summarize the classic study of Lawrence and Kuypers. LO9: Describe the neural circu ...
... LO5: Describe the organization of primary motor cortex and the current view of its function. LO6: Discuss the functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia. LO7: List and explain the 4 descending motor pathways. LO8: Summarize the classic study of Lawrence and Kuypers. LO9: Describe the neural circu ...
Striate cortex increases contrast gain of macaque LGN neurons
... surround of each receptive field was calculated using a differenceof-Gaussian model to best fit the spatial-frequency selectivity curve. The contrast–response functions for both magnocellular and parvocellular neurons were then tested with drifting sine-wave gratings modulated in luminance over a ra ...
... surround of each receptive field was calculated using a differenceof-Gaussian model to best fit the spatial-frequency selectivity curve. The contrast–response functions for both magnocellular and parvocellular neurons were then tested with drifting sine-wave gratings modulated in luminance over a ra ...
Role of Cerebral Cortex in Voluntary Movements
... Figure 3 also shows that the motor cortex receives convergent input signals from a multitude of sources. Central input is received from several cortical areas including premotor, SMA, parietal area 5, and from two, major, central reentrant loops.11 Motor cortex is also influenced by two, major, sens ...
... Figure 3 also shows that the motor cortex receives convergent input signals from a multitude of sources. Central input is received from several cortical areas including premotor, SMA, parietal area 5, and from two, major, central reentrant loops.11 Motor cortex is also influenced by two, major, sens ...
Hierarchical somatosensory processing
... ones [8]. SII has been viewed as being composed of at least two parts [42,44], with area 3b having greater connections to the anterior part [42]; however, it is not yet known whether there is a hierarchical relationship between the ...
... ones [8]. SII has been viewed as being composed of at least two parts [42,44], with area 3b having greater connections to the anterior part [42]; however, it is not yet known whether there is a hierarchical relationship between the ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... behaviors, are reflected in the organization, physiology, and connections between areas of frontal cortex and in their projections through basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby develop ...
... behaviors, are reflected in the organization, physiology, and connections between areas of frontal cortex and in their projections through basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby develop ...
Way SW, McKenna J 3rd, Mietzsch U, Reith RM, Wu HC, Gambello MJ. Loss of Tsc2 in radial glia models the brain pathology of tuberous sclerosis complex in the mouse. Human Molecular Genetics. 2009 Apr 1; 18(7):1252-65.
... also demonstrated defects in organization. There were lamination defects throughout the pyramidal layer, most severe in regions CA1 and CA3 (Fig. 3B), with many ectopic, enlarged neurons in the stratum oriens (SO) (Fig. 3F and G). These defects were in stark contrast to the tight, ordered pyramidal ...
... also demonstrated defects in organization. There were lamination defects throughout the pyramidal layer, most severe in regions CA1 and CA3 (Fig. 3B), with many ectopic, enlarged neurons in the stratum oriens (SO) (Fig. 3F and G). These defects were in stark contrast to the tight, ordered pyramidal ...
pdf
... These studies were performed using a figure-of-eight coil targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [17]. rTMS of the DLPFC is known to increase the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens [7], caudate nucleus [10] and to modulate dopamine release in the subgenual anterior cingulated cort ...
... These studies were performed using a figure-of-eight coil targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [17]. rTMS of the DLPFC is known to increase the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens [7], caudate nucleus [10] and to modulate dopamine release in the subgenual anterior cingulated cort ...
Sensory uncertainty decoded from visual cortex
... of the decoded posterior probability distribution was narrower for stimulus orientations closer to the cardinal axes (r = 0.35, P = 0.008; Fig. 1b). Thus, similar to behavior, horizontal and vertical orientations are represented with greater precision in visual cortex. For the second set of analyses ...
... of the decoded posterior probability distribution was narrower for stimulus orientations closer to the cardinal axes (r = 0.35, P = 0.008; Fig. 1b). Thus, similar to behavior, horizontal and vertical orientations are represented with greater precision in visual cortex. For the second set of analyses ...
Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and
... is an effective noninvasive method for examining anatomical connections of clinically important structures in the human nervous system. Although the results from our investigation of diffusion weighted imaging in humans in general agree with those of previous studies based on tracer studies in nonhu ...
... is an effective noninvasive method for examining anatomical connections of clinically important structures in the human nervous system. Although the results from our investigation of diffusion weighted imaging in humans in general agree with those of previous studies based on tracer studies in nonhu ...
Master Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... primordium. Positional values would be encoded by the graded expression of specific genes whitin the cortical proliferative epithelium. This positional information would be epigenetically transferred from neuroblasts to neurons in distinct cortical regions, eventually leading to the activation of di ...
... primordium. Positional values would be encoded by the graded expression of specific genes whitin the cortical proliferative epithelium. This positional information would be epigenetically transferred from neuroblasts to neurons in distinct cortical regions, eventually leading to the activation of di ...
Sonic hedgehog and cerebellum development
... Lee et al., 1997; Ruiz i Altaba, 1998), SHH could thus act in an autocrine manner in early EGL cells. SHH secreted from Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as ...
... Lee et al., 1997; Ruiz i Altaba, 1998), SHH could thus act in an autocrine manner in early EGL cells. SHH secreted from Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... in rats receives input from vagal afferents (Ito 2002). This provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with the intraoral trigeminal representation in S1. However, these resu ...
... in rats receives input from vagal afferents (Ito 2002). This provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with the intraoral trigeminal representation in S1. However, these resu ...
A Counter Based Connectionist Model of Animal Timing - APT
... impressive degree of command and flexibility. For example, timing can be arbitrary reset and even stopped for some interval before being continued (Roberts 1981). ...
... impressive degree of command and flexibility. For example, timing can be arbitrary reset and even stopped for some interval before being continued (Roberts 1981). ...
Sonic hedgehog and cerebellum development
... Lee et al., 1997; Ruiz i Altaba, 1998), SHH could thus act in an autocrine manner in early EGL cells. SHH secreted from Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as ...
... Lee et al., 1997; Ruiz i Altaba, 1998), SHH could thus act in an autocrine manner in early EGL cells. SHH secreted from Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as ...
A visual processing task: Retina and V1
... result, or, how to know what the cell codes for? A big problem in answering this question is the enormous dimension of the stimulus space; it has as many dimensions as there are pixels in the image. For a something simpler such as a stretch receptor, Fig. 9.1 , this is much less of a problem. One wa ...
... result, or, how to know what the cell codes for? A big problem in answering this question is the enormous dimension of the stimulus space; it has as many dimensions as there are pixels in the image. For a something simpler such as a stretch receptor, Fig. 9.1 , this is much less of a problem. One wa ...
Sleep-wake cycles: EEG
... wakefulness characterized by desynchronized electrical cortical activity, rapid eye movement loss of muscle tone, erection and dreaming ...
... wakefulness characterized by desynchronized electrical cortical activity, rapid eye movement loss of muscle tone, erection and dreaming ...
Interoception and Emotion: a Neuroanatomical Perspective
... emotions as fundamental; that is, many observers believe that interoceptive awareness has a crucial role in emotional awareness ( Barrett et al., 2004; Damasio, 1993; James, 1890; Philippot et al 2002; Wiens, 2005). The neuroanatomical findings described in this chapter address the organization of p ...
... emotions as fundamental; that is, many observers believe that interoceptive awareness has a crucial role in emotional awareness ( Barrett et al., 2004; Damasio, 1993; James, 1890; Philippot et al 2002; Wiens, 2005). The neuroanatomical findings described in this chapter address the organization of p ...
The Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of Serotonergic
... part of the medulla oblongata. The raphe pallidus nucleus was found at the ventral midline of the medulla around the inferior olive. Raphe magnus was associated with the midline of the medulla and was found rostral to both the raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus. The results of our study are compared ...
... part of the medulla oblongata. The raphe pallidus nucleus was found at the ventral midline of the medulla around the inferior olive. Raphe magnus was associated with the midline of the medulla and was found rostral to both the raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus. The results of our study are compared ...
connections of the hypothalamus and preoptic area with nuclei of
... Experimental results and clinical observations indicate that both the hypothalamus and the amygdaloid body control many autonomic functions, influence the endocrine glands and also affect the emotional behavior and drives (11, 12, 15). Neuroanatomical observations showed that the nuclei of the amygd ...
... Experimental results and clinical observations indicate that both the hypothalamus and the amygdaloid body control many autonomic functions, influence the endocrine glands and also affect the emotional behavior and drives (11, 12, 15). Neuroanatomical observations showed that the nuclei of the amygd ...