The functional role of GABA and glycine in monaural and binaural
... neuronal responses (Faingold et al. 1989, 1991). Microiontophoretic application of the GABA-antagonist bicuculline showed that phasic on-responses of single units were changed to tonic by blocking the inhibition caused by intrinsic GABA. Additionally, bicuculline influenced rate-level functions and ...
... neuronal responses (Faingold et al. 1989, 1991). Microiontophoretic application of the GABA-antagonist bicuculline showed that phasic on-responses of single units were changed to tonic by blocking the inhibition caused by intrinsic GABA. Additionally, bicuculline influenced rate-level functions and ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... nucleus magnocellularis (NM), the other cochlear nucleus, the neurons of which preserve the temporal characteristics of the sound in the ipsilateral ear (Sullivan and Konishi, 1984). In the owl, NM projects exclusively and bilaterally to nucleus laminaris (NL) (Takahashi and Konishi, 1985, and unpub ...
... nucleus magnocellularis (NM), the other cochlear nucleus, the neurons of which preserve the temporal characteristics of the sound in the ipsilateral ear (Sullivan and Konishi, 1984). In the owl, NM projects exclusively and bilaterally to nucleus laminaris (NL) (Takahashi and Konishi, 1985, and unpub ...
Ochsner
... Once the social-affective value of a stimulus has been learned, it is important that an organism can quickly identify it in the future and respond appropriately. The systems important for affective learning described in the preceding text and posterior cortical regions involved in representing nonve ...
... Once the social-affective value of a stimulus has been learned, it is important that an organism can quickly identify it in the future and respond appropriately. The systems important for affective learning described in the preceding text and posterior cortical regions involved in representing nonve ...
neurology_lec13_9_5_2011 - Post-it
... - it senses the incoming light. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the pupillary reflex - it drives the muscles that constrict the pupil ...
... - it senses the incoming light. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the pupillary reflex - it drives the muscles that constrict the pupil ...
Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex
... during the delay period, when spatial memory is involved [34]. FMRI studies have confirmed the involvement of Brodmann area 46 in spatial memory [35,36], with an activity in this area that can last at least 24 s [35]. In a psychophysical study in normal subjects, it was suggested that a spatial memor ...
... during the delay period, when spatial memory is involved [34]. FMRI studies have confirmed the involvement of Brodmann area 46 in spatial memory [35,36], with an activity in this area that can last at least 24 s [35]. In a psychophysical study in normal subjects, it was suggested that a spatial memor ...
The Different Neural Correlates of Action and Functional Knowledge
... fMRI Data Acquisition Anatomical T1-weighted and functional T2*-weighted MR images were acquired with a 3 Tesla Philips Intera scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands), using an 8-channel Sense head coil (sense reduction factor = 2). Functional images were acquired using a T2*weighte ...
... fMRI Data Acquisition Anatomical T1-weighted and functional T2*-weighted MR images were acquired with a 3 Tesla Philips Intera scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands), using an 8-channel Sense head coil (sense reduction factor = 2). Functional images were acquired using a T2*weighte ...
Suppression of Neural Responses to Nonoptimal Stimuli Correlates
... An increase in the firing rate of a neuron, as measured extracellularly, will be termed an “enhancement” of the neuron’s response relative to some baseline. Similarly, a decrease in the firing rate of a neuron will be termed a “suppression” of the neuron’s response. Enhancement and suppression are a ...
... An increase in the firing rate of a neuron, as measured extracellularly, will be termed an “enhancement” of the neuron’s response relative to some baseline. Similarly, a decrease in the firing rate of a neuron will be termed a “suppression” of the neuron’s response. Enhancement and suppression are a ...
Cranial Nerve II - Maryville University
... • Cochlear nerve originates from spiral ganglion. Once it gets inside the skull, it bifurcates. One branch ends in dorsal cochlear nucleus and the other ends in ventral cochlear nucleus. Fibers from ventral cochelear partly cross and terminate to the superior olivary nucleus. Axons from superior oli ...
... • Cochlear nerve originates from spiral ganglion. Once it gets inside the skull, it bifurcates. One branch ends in dorsal cochlear nucleus and the other ends in ventral cochlear nucleus. Fibers from ventral cochelear partly cross and terminate to the superior olivary nucleus. Axons from superior oli ...
Theories and Applications of Pavlovian Conditioning
... observed that administration of naloxone prior to conditioning prevented the conditioning of the hypoalgesic response to environmental cues that were paired with a painful event. A study by Thompson et al. (1984) provides perhaps the most impressive support for SOP theory. These researchers investig ...
... observed that administration of naloxone prior to conditioning prevented the conditioning of the hypoalgesic response to environmental cues that were paired with a painful event. A study by Thompson et al. (1984) provides perhaps the most impressive support for SOP theory. These researchers investig ...
Object Shape Differences Reflected by Somatosensory Cortical
... the volunteers did many trials to assess discrimination limits and achieve a probability of correct response close to 0.75. This was done to control the difficulty of the tests. The subjects received identical instructions before the two conditions. Each ellipsoid was rotated seven times at regular ...
... the volunteers did many trials to assess discrimination limits and achieve a probability of correct response close to 0.75. This was done to control the difficulty of the tests. The subjects received identical instructions before the two conditions. Each ellipsoid was rotated seven times at regular ...
Learning receptive fields using predictive feedback
... of the remaining V1 basis vectors best predicts this residual input. In a neural network, the subtractive process is carried out using feedback connections, so that at each iteration of the algorithm the residual input is described by the activity of the LGN and the projection of the residual input ...
... of the remaining V1 basis vectors best predicts this residual input. In a neural network, the subtractive process is carried out using feedback connections, so that at each iteration of the algorithm the residual input is described by the activity of the LGN and the projection of the residual input ...
19 TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS (C.N. IV)
... proper, contains preganglionic parasympathetic (visceromotor) neurons whose axons end in the ciliary ganglion. Short postganglionic parasympathetic axons then pass from the ciliary ganglion to the sphincter pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscles of the eye (for changing shape of lens in accomm ...
... proper, contains preganglionic parasympathetic (visceromotor) neurons whose axons end in the ciliary ganglion. Short postganglionic parasympathetic axons then pass from the ciliary ganglion to the sphincter pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscles of the eye (for changing shape of lens in accomm ...
Science - Princeton University
... visual receptive fielcls which were very large (greclter than 10 by 10 degrees) and alnzost alwciys iizcluded the fovea. Some extended well into both halves o f the visual fielcl, while others were coizfiized to the ipsilateral or coiztralateral side. These nezrrolis were diflerentially seizsitive t ...
... visual receptive fielcls which were very large (greclter than 10 by 10 degrees) and alnzost alwciys iizcluded the fovea. Some extended well into both halves o f the visual fielcl, while others were coizfiized to the ipsilateral or coiztralateral side. These nezrrolis were diflerentially seizsitive t ...
Ionic Mechanism of the Slow Afterdepolarization Induced by
... of several specific effects, including a membrane depolarization, a reduction in the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that follows a burst of spikes, and its replacement by a slow afterdepolarization (sADP) (Andrade 1991). Behavioral studies have shown that the cholinergic input to cortex plays an impor ...
... of several specific effects, including a membrane depolarization, a reduction in the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that follows a burst of spikes, and its replacement by a slow afterdepolarization (sADP) (Andrade 1991). Behavioral studies have shown that the cholinergic input to cortex plays an impor ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... subpopulations of cortical cells. These new approaches are especially appealing for investigations of phylogenetic variation in cortical histology in species that are not common to the laboratory because several enzymatic, cytoskeletal, and other macromolecular constituents that are well preserved i ...
... subpopulations of cortical cells. These new approaches are especially appealing for investigations of phylogenetic variation in cortical histology in species that are not common to the laboratory because several enzymatic, cytoskeletal, and other macromolecular constituents that are well preserved i ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
Primary Visual Pathway
... • Each eye sees a part of the visual space that defines its visual field ...
... • Each eye sees a part of the visual space that defines its visual field ...
The limbic system
... the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus (both of which are continuous via a bundle of white matter called “cingulum”) and the subcallosal area.[6] The cingulate gyrus (Latin = Belt ridge) dorsal to the corpus callosum is heavily interconnected with the association areas of the cerebral cortex ...
... the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus (both of which are continuous via a bundle of white matter called “cingulum”) and the subcallosal area.[6] The cingulate gyrus (Latin = Belt ridge) dorsal to the corpus callosum is heavily interconnected with the association areas of the cerebral cortex ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... stock based on calculations of the most likely monetary gain. In the face of sudden change, such as a stock market crash, the value associated with available options is rapidly updated. In this way, the decision process allows behavior to adjust to environmental flux, resulting in a net benefit to the ...
... stock based on calculations of the most likely monetary gain. In the face of sudden change, such as a stock market crash, the value associated with available options is rapidly updated. In this way, the decision process allows behavior to adjust to environmental flux, resulting in a net benefit to the ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... (Nauta, 1979; Parent and De Bellefeuille, 1983; Haber et al., 1985), which innervate the medial prefrontal, motor, and somatosensory cortices, respectively. In addition, the glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) also receives cortical inputs (hyper-direct pathway) and in turn projects primarily to ...
... (Nauta, 1979; Parent and De Bellefeuille, 1983; Haber et al., 1985), which innervate the medial prefrontal, motor, and somatosensory cortices, respectively. In addition, the glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) also receives cortical inputs (hyper-direct pathway) and in turn projects primarily to ...
Neurons, Neural Networks, and Learning
... for all vectors from a learning set, whether their membership is recognized correctly. If so, no action is required. If not, a learning rule must be applied to adjust the weights. • This iterative process has to continue either until for all vectors from the learning set their membership will be rec ...
... for all vectors from a learning set, whether their membership is recognized correctly. If so, no action is required. If not, a learning rule must be applied to adjust the weights. • This iterative process has to continue either until for all vectors from the learning set their membership will be rec ...
download file
... receptive Welds to decrease by more than 20%. Pairing NB stimulation with sounds that are modulated and vary in their carrier frequency results in intermediate receptive Weld plasticity (35% increase in bandwidth). These results suggest that release of acetylcholine marks certain sounds as behaviora ...
... receptive Welds to decrease by more than 20%. Pairing NB stimulation with sounds that are modulated and vary in their carrier frequency results in intermediate receptive Weld plasticity (35% increase in bandwidth). These results suggest that release of acetylcholine marks certain sounds as behaviora ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... logy probing the circuitry of visual cortex, the first area in which microcircuitry was examined in detail. The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged ...
... logy probing the circuitry of visual cortex, the first area in which microcircuitry was examined in detail. The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿 - Shandong University
... The basic circuit: Spindle Proprioceptor nerve fiber dorsal root of the spinal cord synapses with anterior motor neurons a -motor N. F. the same M. from whence the M. spindle fiber originated. ...
... The basic circuit: Spindle Proprioceptor nerve fiber dorsal root of the spinal cord synapses with anterior motor neurons a -motor N. F. the same M. from whence the M. spindle fiber originated. ...
Operative record sheet for Decompressive Laminectomy Date of
... interarticularis cranial to caudal. Confirmed exposed levels with fluoroscope. Pedicle screws was inserted at inferolateral aspect of the intersection of facet and transverse process. Decorticate entry site with rhongeur and awl to open the cortex then place curve probe into pedicle track until sign ...
... interarticularis cranial to caudal. Confirmed exposed levels with fluoroscope. Pedicle screws was inserted at inferolateral aspect of the intersection of facet and transverse process. Decorticate entry site with rhongeur and awl to open the cortex then place curve probe into pedicle track until sign ...