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ARCHITECTONICS AND STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
ARCHITECTONICS AND STRUCTURE OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

... about the form of the bodies of the cells, but leaves undescribed the distribution of the dendrites, which as a rule constitute by far the larger p a r t of the synaptic surface of the neuron. On the basis of the architectonic picture, it is impossible to determine, for example, whether cells 14 and ...
22_LectureSlides
22_LectureSlides

... • Feed-forward control-predictive – Response anticipates stimulus – More timely, but depends on practice ...
Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus
Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus

... The subjects were 15 cynomolgus monkeys (Macacafascicularis) weighing 2.5-7.5 kg at the time of surgery. The animals were tranquilized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mgkg), anesthetized with Nembutal (35 mgkg), and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Five monkeys received injections of horseradish p ...
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque

... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
Cortical Connectivity Suggests a Role in Limb
Cortical Connectivity Suggests a Role in Limb

... Figure 3. Location of injection site in lateral PE (case 1) and cortical distribution of retrograde-labeled cells. Sagittal sections (A–F ) were taken at the levels indicated on the brain silhouette. Bottom right, Two-dimensional reconstruction illustrating the distribution and density of labeled ce ...
Exam 5 Study Guide
Exam 5 Study Guide

... peripheral nervous system; sensory nervous system, including somatic and visceral systems; motor nervous system, including somatic and autonomic systems. Explain the structure of an idealized neuron, including the functions of all the parts: cell body, dendrites, dendritic spines, axon hillock, axon ...
Afferents to the Optic Tectum of the Leopard Frog: An HRP Study
Afferents to the Optic Tectum of the Leopard Frog: An HRP Study

... and proximal dendrites. Somata filled with diffuse product were frequently seen in the same areas as the vesicle filled neurons. These were probably due to incidental axonal damage at the injection site. Evidence for both retrograde and orthograde movement was seen in fiber pathways. Although no dif ...
Document
Document

... images are presented to VisNet’s input layer they are preprocessed by a set of input filters which accord with the general tuning profiles of simple cells in V1 (Hawken & Parker, 1987); full details are given in Rolls and Milward (2000). To train the network a sequence of images is presented to VisN ...
neuron number decreases in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial
neuron number decreases in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial

... loss in the cortex which takes place relatively late in development (Nunez et al., 2001, 2002). Loss of neurons could contribute to the observed changes in both synaptic density and cortical volume. Prior work from our laboratory has shown that a small rise in cell death in the visual cortex occurs ...
An Intracranial EEG Study of the Neural Dynamics of Musical
An Intracranial EEG Study of the Neural Dynamics of Musical

... The fact that processing of consonant and dissonant musical chords recruits both the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex makes such stimuli relevant in addressing outstanding issues regarding the emotion cerebral network. A number of studies have reported on the latency of processing in the amygdala a ...
the manuscript as pdf
the manuscript as pdf

... related thalamic nuclei allow for such a role. Their specialization is evident in having both wide, but regional selective, projections across the cerebrum and within the cortical microcircuitry. Importantly, the ILN are strongly innervated by subcortical brainstem nuclei that are recognized as the ...
07 Cranial nerves, their functional division into three groups. Organ
07 Cranial nerves, their functional division into three groups. Organ

... Large doses of opiates can be fatal b/c suppress activity of medulla…why…?...b/c receptors there! ...
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory

... elicit a response as a result of that stimulus being paired with a biologically relevant stimulus—make it a particularly attractive behavioral model for the study of synaptic plasticity, which involves the strengthening of synapses after a learning experience. Because of the obvious parallels betwee ...
Neural Substrates Related to Motor Memory with Multiple
Neural Substrates Related to Motor Memory with Multiple

... temporoparietal junction; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; TR, repetition time. ...
Vestibular Function and Anatomy April 2004
Vestibular Function and Anatomy April 2004

... causing movement of the hair bundles. In the central portion of each statoconial membrane is a line called the striola. In the saccule the hair cells are oriented toward the striola while in the utricle they are oriented away from the striola. The vestibular neurons are bipolar with their cell bodie ...
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color

... et al. 2004; Conway and Tsao 2006; Conway et al. 2007; Harada et al. 2009). In line with these reports, we have found that sharply color-tuned cells are densely localized around the posterior middle temporal sulcus (PMTS), in what we have named the PIT color area (PITC) (Yasuda et al. 2010). These n ...
The Nervous System
The Nervous System

... peripheral branch ...
Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal
Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal

... the Soul, Francis Crick refined the view that these qualities are determined solely by cortical cells and circuitry. Put simply, cognition is nothing more, or less, than a biological function. Accepting this to be the case, it should be possible to identify the mechanisms that subserve cognitive pro ...
Acquisition of Box Pushing by Direct-Vision
Acquisition of Box Pushing by Direct-Vision

... The target object is a lying rectangular parallelepiped box made of paper. The size is 30mm × 70mm × 30mm. Since the contents are empty, it is very light. The outer color is black, while the inner color is white. Since the box has a pipe-like shape, and the smaller sides are covered with no paper, ...
03 Auditory & Vestibular Systems
03 Auditory & Vestibular Systems

... Structural properties: Wider at apex, stiffness decreases from base to apex ...
midbrain Brain stem
midbrain Brain stem

... Week 5: Two major flexures form, causing the telencephalon and diencephalon to angle toward the brain stem. Cerebral hemisphere Outline of diencephalon ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Ablating SCN abolishes daily sleep-wake rhythms but does not affect total amount of sleep or wakefulness: SCN does not maintain behavioral states but controls their timing (reviewed by Deurveilher and Semba, 2005) Without photic stimulation or nonphotic zeitgebers, circadian rhythm is freerunning: ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate

... (Fremeau et al., 2004a, 2001; Hur and Zaborszky, 2005; Nahmani and Erisir, 2005). In some areas, VGluT1 and VGluT2 have been found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribut ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory

... barrel field cortex of the awake rat. J Neurophysiol 84: 1497–1504, 2000. Whisker deflection typically evokes a transient volley of action potentials in rat somatic sensory (SI) barrel cortex. Postexcitatory inhibition is thought to quickly terminate the cortical cell response to whisker deflection. ...
Neural Networks - National Taiwan University
Neural Networks - National Taiwan University

... by the way biological nervous systems. composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) . ANNs, like people, learn by example ◦ (Learning, Recall, Generalization) ...
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Eyeblink conditioning

Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a form of classical conditioning that has been used extensively to study neural structures and mechanisms that underlie learning and memory. The procedure is relatively simple and usually consists of pairing an auditory or visual stimulus (the conditioned stimulus (CS)) with an eyeblink-eliciting unconditioned stimulus (US) (e.g. a mild puff of air to the cornea or a mild shock). Naïve organisms initially produce a reflexive, unconditioned response (UR) (e.g. blink or extension of nictitating membrane) that follows US onset. After many CS-US pairings, an association is formed such that a learned blink, or conditioned response (CR), occurs and precedes US onset. The magnitude of learning is generally gauged by the percentage of all paired CS-US trials that result in a CR. Under optimal conditions, well-trained animals produce a high percentage of CRs (> 90%). The conditions necessary for, and the physiological mechanisms that govern, eyeblink CR learning have been studied across many mammalian species, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, and humans. Historically, rabbits have been the most popular research subjects.
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