Distinct Neuropathologic Phenotypes After Disrupting the
... its A-subunit (8). The phenotypes of Clcn6j/j, Clcn7j/j, and gl mice have unexpectedly suggested links to a group of rare fatal pediatric storage disorders, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs or Batten disease) (10, 11). Individuals with NCL present with seizures and visual, intellectual and m ...
... its A-subunit (8). The phenotypes of Clcn6j/j, Clcn7j/j, and gl mice have unexpectedly suggested links to a group of rare fatal pediatric storage disorders, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs or Batten disease) (10, 11). Individuals with NCL present with seizures and visual, intellectual and m ...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a
... The materials were physically acquired in June of 2010 and are cared for by members of the staff of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, then a component of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology on the grounds of Walter Reed Army Medical Centre in Washington, DC. They were accessioned into ...
... The materials were physically acquired in June of 2010 and are cared for by members of the staff of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, then a component of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology on the grounds of Walter Reed Army Medical Centre in Washington, DC. They were accessioned into ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... REM sleep (Puizillout and Foutz, 1977). Cooling and obstruction of blood flowto the medulla is associated with arousal, as would be expected if one were inactivating a hypnogenic region (Berlucchi et al., 1964). A population of neurons in this area that is maximally active in NREM sleep has been ide ...
... REM sleep (Puizillout and Foutz, 1977). Cooling and obstruction of blood flowto the medulla is associated with arousal, as would be expected if one were inactivating a hypnogenic region (Berlucchi et al., 1964). A population of neurons in this area that is maximally active in NREM sleep has been ide ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
... identified at 10× magnification. Each labeled cell was marked by a dot on the drawing. Labeled cells were identified on the basis that they contained a nucleus. In many cases a nucleolus was seen, but no attempt was make to ensure that each counted cell contained a nucleolus. For this reason, the co ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the SN its distinct dark color (Double et al., 2000; Zecca et al., 2008). Within this mesodiencephalic dopaminergic complex, the VTA is located medial to the SN, ...
... dopaminergic neurons. This pigmentation is due to the presence of neuromelanin, which is a byproduct of the metabolism of dopamine, giving the SN its distinct dark color (Double et al., 2000; Zecca et al., 2008). Within this mesodiencephalic dopaminergic complex, the VTA is located medial to the SN, ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Introduction When we encounter a taste, we appreciate both its chemosensory properties and its palatability—the degree to which the taste is pleasurable or aversive. Recent work suggests that the processing of this complex taste experience may involve coordination between multiple brain areas (Gross ...
... Introduction When we encounter a taste, we appreciate both its chemosensory properties and its palatability—the degree to which the taste is pleasurable or aversive. Recent work suggests that the processing of this complex taste experience may involve coordination between multiple brain areas (Gross ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... various neural systems for various tasks. Moreover, there is some mechanism which selects more efficient allocations and rejects less efficient ones. In the case of the brain this mechanism is evolution, and we can identify a basic constraint that directly impacts how the decision-making process in ...
... various neural systems for various tasks. Moreover, there is some mechanism which selects more efficient allocations and rejects less efficient ones. In the case of the brain this mechanism is evolution, and we can identify a basic constraint that directly impacts how the decision-making process in ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... arousal. DA-producing neurons are most abundant in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, yet cells in these regions fire in relation to movement or reward but, in general, have not been found to alter their rates of firing across sleep and wakefulness.79-82 Nevertheless, extracellular lev ...
... arousal. DA-producing neurons are most abundant in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, yet cells in these regions fire in relation to movement or reward but, in general, have not been found to alter their rates of firing across sleep and wakefulness.79-82 Nevertheless, extracellular lev ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... potential to the negative trough (Ungless et al., planning, and working memory (Fuster, 2000). Nicotine has 2004). Although we identified each recorded VTA DA neuron based on been reported to act through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors well-established electrophysiological criteria (Bunney et al., ...
... potential to the negative trough (Ungless et al., planning, and working memory (Fuster, 2000). Nicotine has 2004). Although we identified each recorded VTA DA neuron based on been reported to act through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors well-established electrophysiological criteria (Bunney et al., ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
Early Sensory Pathways for Detection of Fearful Conditioned Stimuli
... ing to the adjacent compartment, whichever occurred first. If the animal produced an avoidance response, the CS was terminated and no escape interval was presented. However, if the animal did not produce an avoidance response, then during the escape interval, a mild scrambled electric footshock (unc ...
... ing to the adjacent compartment, whichever occurred first. If the animal produced an avoidance response, the CS was terminated and no escape interval was presented. However, if the animal did not produce an avoidance response, then during the escape interval, a mild scrambled electric footshock (unc ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... important feature of its specific ability to process incoming information, ultimately leading to an output of that neuron. For example, large pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex have a very specific and highly ordered threedimensional (3D) morphology of their dendrites and intracortical axons t ...
... important feature of its specific ability to process incoming information, ultimately leading to an output of that neuron. For example, large pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex have a very specific and highly ordered threedimensional (3D) morphology of their dendrites and intracortical axons t ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... fixation point was turned off, the monkey was free to choose either cue as a target by making a saccade. After the saccade, the selected target reappeared at the target location as a confirmation cue. After a 1 s confirmation period, water reward was delivered in an amount depending on the reward condi ...
... fixation point was turned off, the monkey was free to choose either cue as a target by making a saccade. After the saccade, the selected target reappeared at the target location as a confirmation cue. After a 1 s confirmation period, water reward was delivered in an amount depending on the reward condi ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... ventrolaterally in the brainstem (previously these somatic efferent nuclei were labeled “special visceral efferent”). Individual cranial nuclei will be described in more detail per brain stem region. RETICULAR FORMATION OVERVIEW. In addition to distinct regions formed by gray matter nuclei and white ...
... ventrolaterally in the brainstem (previously these somatic efferent nuclei were labeled “special visceral efferent”). Individual cranial nuclei will be described in more detail per brain stem region. RETICULAR FORMATION OVERVIEW. In addition to distinct regions formed by gray matter nuclei and white ...
Print
... hippocampus (188), as well as throughout the brain, where activation of CB1 by endocannabinoids can efficiently veto neurotransmitter release in many distinct types of synapses (see sect. IV). The conditions of synthesis, release, distance of diffusion, duration of effect, and site of action were al ...
... hippocampus (188), as well as throughout the brain, where activation of CB1 by endocannabinoids can efficiently veto neurotransmitter release in many distinct types of synapses (see sect. IV). The conditions of synthesis, release, distance of diffusion, duration of effect, and site of action were al ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... Fig. 1. Morphology of CDI. (A) A whole-mount staining of CDI in the CNS of an adult male G. bimaculatus in ventral view. The soma and dendrites are located in the mesothoracic ganglion, and two axons project throughout the whole CNS with extensive varicose arborizations that are bilateral in every g ...
... Fig. 1. Morphology of CDI. (A) A whole-mount staining of CDI in the CNS of an adult male G. bimaculatus in ventral view. The soma and dendrites are located in the mesothoracic ganglion, and two axons project throughout the whole CNS with extensive varicose arborizations that are bilateral in every g ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... 1. Introduction 1.1 Different frequency band oscillations in brain regions Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms localized with individual neurons or by int ...
... 1. Introduction 1.1 Different frequency band oscillations in brain regions Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms localized with individual neurons or by int ...
Effects of Brain Damage (cont`d.)
... • Subcortical regions are structures of the brain that lie underneath the cortex • Subcortical structures of the forebrain include: – Thalamus: receive their input from sensory systems, such as vision, and transmit information to specific areas of the cerebral cortex © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rig ...
... • Subcortical regions are structures of the brain that lie underneath the cortex • Subcortical structures of the forebrain include: – Thalamus: receive their input from sensory systems, such as vision, and transmit information to specific areas of the cerebral cortex © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rig ...
Calcium Regulation of Dendritic Growth via CaM Kinase IV and
... onset of dendritic development closely parallels the formation of the first synaptic inputs (Wu et al., 1996). The dendritic arbor rapidly expands over the subsequent few days (Wu et al., 1999). During this period of rapid dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptor ...
... onset of dendritic development closely parallels the formation of the first synaptic inputs (Wu et al., 1996). The dendritic arbor rapidly expands over the subsequent few days (Wu et al., 1999). During this period of rapid dendritic growth, synaptic currents are principally mediated by NMDA receptor ...
Subicular and CA1 hippocampal projections to the accessory
... provides feedback inputs to the olfactory system by means of centrifugal projections. Historically, a projection from the temporal third of the subiculum to the anterior olfactory nucleus has been described (Swanson and Cowan, 1977). Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the ventral CA1 after lar ...
... provides feedback inputs to the olfactory system by means of centrifugal projections. Historically, a projection from the temporal third of the subiculum to the anterior olfactory nucleus has been described (Swanson and Cowan, 1977). Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the ventral CA1 after lar ...
Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes
... An example of how vestibular input can interact with spatial processing can be found in the well established subjective visual vertical task (SVV). A luminous line is set to the apparently vertical orientation, and it has been shown that the SVV depends on the body orientation of the observer (e.g., ...
... An example of how vestibular input can interact with spatial processing can be found in the well established subjective visual vertical task (SVV). A luminous line is set to the apparently vertical orientation, and it has been shown that the SVV depends on the body orientation of the observer (e.g., ...
Cadherin Expression by Embryonic Divisions and
... (Redies et al., 2000). The analysis was carried out at an intermediate stage of telencephalic development when most gray matter structures have already been formed and assume their final topologic positions. At this time, the cadherin expression profile is still relatively distinct in the embryonic ...
... (Redies et al., 2000). The analysis was carried out at an intermediate stage of telencephalic development when most gray matter structures have already been formed and assume their final topologic positions. At this time, the cadherin expression profile is still relatively distinct in the embryonic ...
Gould`s Chap. 14 CNS
... Spinal cord •Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. ...
... Spinal cord •Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.