What clinical disorders tell us about the neural
... Saccades: a review an ideal system for studying the neural control of movement. Basic research on normal saccades, especially neurophysiological recordings from identified neurons during behaviour in monkeys, has revealed a great deal about saccadic performance, anatomy, and physiology. Clinical st ...
... Saccades: a review an ideal system for studying the neural control of movement. Basic research on normal saccades, especially neurophysiological recordings from identified neurons during behaviour in monkeys, has revealed a great deal about saccadic performance, anatomy, and physiology. Clinical st ...
Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Following Delay
... The development of non-invasive methods of functional imaging has led to a better understanding of the neural processes that occur in humans while they are forming or using a memory. However, these advancements led to studies that have primarily focused on the neural activity evoked by stimuli prese ...
... The development of non-invasive methods of functional imaging has led to a better understanding of the neural processes that occur in humans while they are forming or using a memory. However, these advancements led to studies that have primarily focused on the neural activity evoked by stimuli prese ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological and behavioural events in an oscillatory pattern. As in many other animal taxa (52), such oscillators are mainly located in the nervous system of crustaceans (20, 21). ...
... controlled by internal pacemakers, or clocks, which autonomously control cellular activity levels and thereby regulate physiological and behavioural events in an oscillatory pattern. As in many other animal taxa (52), such oscillators are mainly located in the nervous system of crustaceans (20, 21). ...
response inhibition is differentially related to instrumental and
... The motor tasks most often used to test response inhibition performance are the stop-signal task and the Go/NoGo task (Swick, Ashley, & Turken, 2011). The stop signal task involves a simple choice-reaction time task, in which the primary task is followed by a stop signal during a proportion of tria ...
... The motor tasks most often used to test response inhibition performance are the stop-signal task and the Go/NoGo task (Swick, Ashley, & Turken, 2011). The stop signal task involves a simple choice-reaction time task, in which the primary task is followed by a stop signal during a proportion of tria ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... along the processing chain, the stimulus specificity of responses as well as the input-output transformations at each station. An interesting model system for investigating these dynamical processes is the rodent whisker system. Rodents can solve highly complicated tasks with their whiskers alone, d ...
... along the processing chain, the stimulus specificity of responses as well as the input-output transformations at each station. An interesting model system for investigating these dynamical processes is the rodent whisker system. Rodents can solve highly complicated tasks with their whiskers alone, d ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... evoked in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the barrel cortex in response to activation of the principal whisker and several surrounding whiskers16. The dendrites of these neurons were restricted to a single barrel column, whereas their axons extended to surrounding columns, implying that the recept ...
... evoked in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the barrel cortex in response to activation of the principal whisker and several surrounding whiskers16. The dendrites of these neurons were restricted to a single barrel column, whereas their axons extended to surrounding columns, implying that the recept ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... Many of orexin’s known behavioral effects, such as stimulation of food intake, wheel running, and spontaneous physical activity can be induced by local injection of orexins into the LH/PFA (27, 60, 61, 79, 111, 113, 116, 125). An orexin injection into the LH/PFA also results in Fos expression, a mar ...
... Many of orexin’s known behavioral effects, such as stimulation of food intake, wheel running, and spontaneous physical activity can be induced by local injection of orexins into the LH/PFA (27, 60, 61, 79, 111, 113, 116, 125). An orexin injection into the LH/PFA also results in Fos expression, a mar ...
Substance P and Cholecystokinin-like lmmunoreactive Varicosities
... neurons in rat spinal segment L6 were studied. These areas were (Fig. 1): laminae I + II (a lateral and a medial area), lamina X (including the ventral longitudinal bundle), the nucleus of the dorsal gray commissure (DGC), and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN). Each field quantified measured ...
... neurons in rat spinal segment L6 were studied. These areas were (Fig. 1): laminae I + II (a lateral and a medial area), lamina X (including the ventral longitudinal bundle), the nucleus of the dorsal gray commissure (DGC), and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN). Each field quantified measured ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy
... Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and ...
... Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and ...
A Systematic Nomenclature for the Insect Brain
... Here we provide a nomenclature system for the adult insect brain using that of Drosophila melanogaster as a framework. The nomenclature system is based on discussions amongst the Insect Brain Name Working Group, a team of invertebrate neurobiologists working towards this end point since 2007. This e ...
... Here we provide a nomenclature system for the adult insect brain using that of Drosophila melanogaster as a framework. The nomenclature system is based on discussions amongst the Insect Brain Name Working Group, a team of invertebrate neurobiologists working towards this end point since 2007. This e ...
Corpus Callosum
... corpus callosum function definition anatomy body maps - the brain is divided into the right and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally ...
... corpus callosum function definition anatomy body maps - the brain is divided into the right and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... The preoptic area (POA) of the anterior hypothalamus and the adjacent basal forebrain (BFB) play an important role in the regulation of homeostatic and cognitive processes, including blood pressure, thermoregulation, sexual behavior, attention, learning, and cortical activity (Boulant and Dean, 1986 ...
... The preoptic area (POA) of the anterior hypothalamus and the adjacent basal forebrain (BFB) play an important role in the regulation of homeostatic and cognitive processes, including blood pressure, thermoregulation, sexual behavior, attention, learning, and cortical activity (Boulant and Dean, 1986 ...
... grey matter volume decreases in dopamine related regions also corroborate such deficits. Adults diagnosed with this disorder are likely to neuropsychological deficits involving working memory, attention and inhibitory control. The multiple pathway model proposed by Sonuga-Barke implicates at least t ...
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational
... the computational properties of microcircuit templates we carried out computer simulations of detailed cortical microcircuit models consisting of 560 Hodgkin–Huxley type point neurons and synaptic connections with stereotypical dynamic properties (such as paired pulse depression and paired pulse fac ...
... the computational properties of microcircuit templates we carried out computer simulations of detailed cortical microcircuit models consisting of 560 Hodgkin–Huxley type point neurons and synaptic connections with stereotypical dynamic properties (such as paired pulse depression and paired pulse fac ...
Contents
... that the anatomical subdivisions will also provide a key to as yet unrecognized functional areas. That ‘cytoarchitectural differences reflect functional differences’ is a principle accepted now by every neuroanatomist: a cytoarchitectural difference in any nucleus is taken to reflect a functional di ...
... that the anatomical subdivisions will also provide a key to as yet unrecognized functional areas. That ‘cytoarchitectural differences reflect functional differences’ is a principle accepted now by every neuroanatomist: a cytoarchitectural difference in any nucleus is taken to reflect a functional di ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... afferent projections from the olfactory bulb itself and more extensively from its relay, the anterior olfactory nucleus (Crosby et al., 1962; Parent, 1996). The amygdala is another major recipient of many olfactory projections. It is proposed as the major site of origin of unpleasant, but also some ...
... afferent projections from the olfactory bulb itself and more extensively from its relay, the anterior olfactory nucleus (Crosby et al., 1962; Parent, 1996). The amygdala is another major recipient of many olfactory projections. It is proposed as the major site of origin of unpleasant, but also some ...
Glia cells, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer`s disease
... peripheral neurons to increase conduction speed and to provide physical support. One Schwann cell can myelinate only a single segment of one axon in contrary to the oligodendrocytes. They are responsible for the maintenance of axons and even promote axon regeneration in case of injury. In addition, ...
... peripheral neurons to increase conduction speed and to provide physical support. One Schwann cell can myelinate only a single segment of one axon in contrary to the oligodendrocytes. They are responsible for the maintenance of axons and even promote axon regeneration in case of injury. In addition, ...
the Report - The Lasker Foundation
... scientists and clinicians with diverse backgrounds and expertise. The objective was to focus on a problem that seriously affects vision, and to see if new thinking and ideas might be helpful in the understanding of amblyopia and how these ideas can be applied to advance the field. At these sessions, ...
... scientists and clinicians with diverse backgrounds and expertise. The objective was to focus on a problem that seriously affects vision, and to see if new thinking and ideas might be helpful in the understanding of amblyopia and how these ideas can be applied to advance the field. At these sessions, ...
Convergence, Divergence, Pupillary Reactions and
... and pontine rhombencephalic neuron arcs are dispensable for this mechanism. Rarely, stimulation in the midbrain has produced convergence in the cat, and lesions of the midbrain have produced convergence paralysis. The precise area in the midbrain is not known. Perlia's nucleus, the unpaired motor ce ...
... and pontine rhombencephalic neuron arcs are dispensable for this mechanism. Rarely, stimulation in the midbrain has produced convergence in the cat, and lesions of the midbrain have produced convergence paralysis. The precise area in the midbrain is not known. Perlia's nucleus, the unpaired motor ce ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... dendritic differentiation. In high-frequency regions of the nucleus laminaris, dendrites receiving input from the deprived ear are shorter than normal, whereas in low-frequency regions, dendrites of deprived neurons are longer than normal (Smith et al., 1983). Thus, dendritic structure is rapidly re ...
... dendritic differentiation. In high-frequency regions of the nucleus laminaris, dendrites receiving input from the deprived ear are shorter than normal, whereas in low-frequency regions, dendrites of deprived neurons are longer than normal (Smith et al., 1983). Thus, dendritic structure is rapidly re ...
Neurological characterization of mice deficient in GSK3α highlight
... which makes GSK3 dual-specificity kinases. Consequently, each isozyme exists in four different phosphorylated isoforms, a molecular complexity that yet escapes analysis [5]. Combined with expression of both isozymes in most cells, and the wide diversity of substrates and molecular partners, complica ...
... which makes GSK3 dual-specificity kinases. Consequently, each isozyme exists in four different phosphorylated isoforms, a molecular complexity that yet escapes analysis [5]. Combined with expression of both isozymes in most cells, and the wide diversity of substrates and molecular partners, complica ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... neurons are the exclusive source of vestibularly modulated climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of Psol neurons during natural vestibular stimulation in anesthetized rabbits. The rabbits were placed in a three-axis rate table at the center of a large sphere, permitting v ...
... neurons are the exclusive source of vestibularly modulated climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of Psol neurons during natural vestibular stimulation in anesthetized rabbits. The rabbits were placed in a three-axis rate table at the center of a large sphere, permitting v ...
Apparent Loss and Hypertrophy of Interneurons in a Mouse Model
... CLN genes lead to pathophysiology are unidentified. The development of an animal model that recapitulates the clinical and pathological features of NCL represents an initial step toward discovering underlying disease mechanisms and testing potential treatment strategies. The mnd/mnd mouse was first ...
... CLN genes lead to pathophysiology are unidentified. The development of an animal model that recapitulates the clinical and pathological features of NCL represents an initial step toward discovering underlying disease mechanisms and testing potential treatment strategies. The mnd/mnd mouse was first ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... 1993; Schwaller et al., 2002; Camp & Wijesinghe, 2009). Understanding the role of neurons expressing these markers can lead to a better understanding of the functions of the PPN, but this necessitates knowledge of their numbers, distribution and expression by neurotransmitter-specific neuronal types ...
... 1993; Schwaller et al., 2002; Camp & Wijesinghe, 2009). Understanding the role of neurons expressing these markers can lead to a better understanding of the functions of the PPN, but this necessitates knowledge of their numbers, distribution and expression by neurotransmitter-specific neuronal types ...
1 - TEST BANK 360
... Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-edition-feldman ...
... Full file at http://testbank360.eu/test-bank-essentials-of-understanding-psychology-9th-edition-feldman ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.