Congenital Atresia of the External Ear and Tinnitus: A New Syndrome
... (4) the clinical significance of the UHFA thresholds of bilateral hearing loss greater than expected for the age of the patient; and (5) whether congenital atresia of the external ear may be part of a syndrome that includes hypoperfusion in brain areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery on the s ...
... (4) the clinical significance of the UHFA thresholds of bilateral hearing loss greater than expected for the age of the patient; and (5) whether congenital atresia of the external ear may be part of a syndrome that includes hypoperfusion in brain areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery on the s ...
B-Lymphocyte-Mediated Delayed Cognitive Impairment following
... stroke are at increased risk of developing dementia, and approximately one-third will eventually suffer from vascular dementia (Barba et al., 2000; Leys et al., 2005; Béjot et al., 2011). In many of these patients, dementia might be caused by an associated comorbidity, but even after controlling fo ...
... stroke are at increased risk of developing dementia, and approximately one-third will eventually suffer from vascular dementia (Barba et al., 2000; Leys et al., 2005; Béjot et al., 2011). In many of these patients, dementia might be caused by an associated comorbidity, but even after controlling fo ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... the SP, and send pioneering subcortical projections toward the thalamus, forming the first corticofugal tract (Allendoerfer and Shatz, 1994; McConnell et al., 1989). The thalamus is also the target of layer VI CTh neurons, which are born around E12.5. Although SP neurons and CTh neurons share the sa ...
... the SP, and send pioneering subcortical projections toward the thalamus, forming the first corticofugal tract (Allendoerfer and Shatz, 1994; McConnell et al., 1989). The thalamus is also the target of layer VI CTh neurons, which are born around E12.5. Although SP neurons and CTh neurons share the sa ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
Transitional Probabilities Are Prioritized over Stimulus/Pattern
... Significance Statement Our research presents the first definite evidence for the auditory system prioritizing transitional probabilities over probabilities of individual sensory events. Forming representations for transitional probabilities paves the way for predictions of upcoming sounds. Several r ...
... Significance Statement Our research presents the first definite evidence for the auditory system prioritizing transitional probabilities over probabilities of individual sensory events. Forming representations for transitional probabilities paves the way for predictions of upcoming sounds. Several r ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... (“mosaic”) made up of discrete place-defined macrocolumns – “segregates”– in the region of cat and monkey somatosensory cortex which receives input from forelimb skin, also proposed that discrete place-defined macrocolumns are a common mode of topographic organization throughout somatosensory cortex ...
... (“mosaic”) made up of discrete place-defined macrocolumns – “segregates”– in the region of cat and monkey somatosensory cortex which receives input from forelimb skin, also proposed that discrete place-defined macrocolumns are a common mode of topographic organization throughout somatosensory cortex ...
For Peer Review - diss.fu
... dorsal raphe nuclei (DR). All four nuclei form a complex and coordinated network to evoke appropriate responses to reward-related stimuli. ...
... dorsal raphe nuclei (DR). All four nuclei form a complex and coordinated network to evoke appropriate responses to reward-related stimuli. ...
Response Differences in Monkey TE and Perirhinal Cortex: Stimulus
... Liu, Zheng and Barry J. Richmond. Response differences in monkey TE and perirhinal cortex: stimulus association related to reward schedules. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1677–1692, 2000. Anatomic and behavioral evidence shows that TE and perirhinal cortices are two directly connected but distinct inferior t ...
... Liu, Zheng and Barry J. Richmond. Response differences in monkey TE and perirhinal cortex: stimulus association related to reward schedules. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1677–1692, 2000. Anatomic and behavioral evidence shows that TE and perirhinal cortices are two directly connected but distinct inferior t ...
The Journal of Neuroscience http://jneurosci.msubmit.net Ana
... intrahippocampal connectivity can be affected by a prolonged stressful challenge. Since the structural maintenance of neuronal dendritic arborizations and synaptic connectivity requires neurotrophic support, we investigated the potential role of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotroph ...
... intrahippocampal connectivity can be affected by a prolonged stressful challenge. Since the structural maintenance of neuronal dendritic arborizations and synaptic connectivity requires neurotrophic support, we investigated the potential role of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotroph ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... dehydrated with graded ethanol, and cleared in xylene, and coverslipped. Spinal cords were cut horizontally at 40 m thickness and reacted in diaminobenzidine (DAB) according to the method of LaVail et al. (21) to demonstrate the injection site. The atlas of Zilles (37) was used for definition of co ...
... dehydrated with graded ethanol, and cleared in xylene, and coverslipped. Spinal cords were cut horizontally at 40 m thickness and reacted in diaminobenzidine (DAB) according to the method of LaVail et al. (21) to demonstrate the injection site. The atlas of Zilles (37) was used for definition of co ...
The distribution of retino‐collicular axon terminals in rhesus monkey
... here. Two of these have been previously described by Hubel et al. (‘75). At the lateral border of the ipsilateral superior colliculus and just anterior to the level of the optic disc representation is found an isolated patch of label 50 p wide and some 1,000 to 1,200 p long with a depth distribution ...
... here. Two of these have been previously described by Hubel et al. (‘75). At the lateral border of the ipsilateral superior colliculus and just anterior to the level of the optic disc representation is found an isolated patch of label 50 p wide and some 1,000 to 1,200 p long with a depth distribution ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... significantly promote functional recovery from SCIinduced motor dysfunction in rats, and this neuroprotective effect may be related to the upregulation of GDNF. SCI treatments with GDNF and Schwann cells have been widely reported,and have concluded that GDNF-enhanced propriospinal axonal regeneratio ...
... significantly promote functional recovery from SCIinduced motor dysfunction in rats, and this neuroprotective effect may be related to the upregulation of GDNF. SCI treatments with GDNF and Schwann cells have been widely reported,and have concluded that GDNF-enhanced propriospinal axonal regeneratio ...
Anatomical Distribution of Serotonin- Containing
... brain, with emphasis on nuclei, regions and zones of transition not previously described. The different morphological characteristics of individual 5-HT-immunoreactive axons will also be described. In the Results section, references to the work of other authors are given systematically after the des ...
... brain, with emphasis on nuclei, regions and zones of transition not previously described. The different morphological characteristics of individual 5-HT-immunoreactive axons will also be described. In the Results section, references to the work of other authors are given systematically after the des ...
Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in
... 1998) and morphological (Descarries et al., 1987; Oleskevich et al., 1989; Umbriaco et al., 1995) evidence has shown that some neurotransmitters may be released from both synaptic and nonsynaptic sites (Fig. 1) for diffusion to target cells more distant than those observed in synaptic transmission. ...
... 1998) and morphological (Descarries et al., 1987; Oleskevich et al., 1989; Umbriaco et al., 1995) evidence has shown that some neurotransmitters may be released from both synaptic and nonsynaptic sites (Fig. 1) for diffusion to target cells more distant than those observed in synaptic transmission. ...
1
... suggest an important role of the cerebellum. However, nearly all these studies are based on the analysis of apriori selected regions of interest (known as ROI approaches). Recent studies, using more global approaches, found that ADHD structural abnormalities were not limited to fronto-striatal-cereb ...
... suggest an important role of the cerebellum. However, nearly all these studies are based on the analysis of apriori selected regions of interest (known as ROI approaches). Recent studies, using more global approaches, found that ADHD structural abnormalities were not limited to fronto-striatal-cereb ...
Selective amplification of the S
... stimuli, these have different visibilities, with RG the most visible and BY the least. Cone contrasts used for the 2 Hz condition were 6.5% (Ach), 5% (RG), 6.5% (BY), and for the 8 Hz condition each stimulus had a cone contrast of 4.5%. The cone contrasts at 2 Hz were not exactly matched due to the ...
... stimuli, these have different visibilities, with RG the most visible and BY the least. Cone contrasts used for the 2 Hz condition were 6.5% (Ach), 5% (RG), 6.5% (BY), and for the 8 Hz condition each stimulus had a cone contrast of 4.5%. The cone contrasts at 2 Hz were not exactly matched due to the ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... a cortical border encircling the brain stem (limbus, Latin for “border”). Paul Broca (1878) held the view that “le grand lobe limbique” was mainly an olfactory structure common to all mammalian brains, although he argued that its functions were not limited to olfaction. Limbic structures are frequen ...
... a cortical border encircling the brain stem (limbus, Latin for “border”). Paul Broca (1878) held the view that “le grand lobe limbique” was mainly an olfactory structure common to all mammalian brains, although he argued that its functions were not limited to olfaction. Limbic structures are frequen ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... directly to the cortex and is not initially relayed to the thalamus. Lastly, cortical olfactory areas are phylogenetically older than other sensory cortical areas. This implies both an anatomical and functional proximity to the limbic system that is much closer than other sensory modalities.” (Brewe ...
... directly to the cortex and is not initially relayed to the thalamus. Lastly, cortical olfactory areas are phylogenetically older than other sensory cortical areas. This implies both an anatomical and functional proximity to the limbic system that is much closer than other sensory modalities.” (Brewe ...
Color responses of the human lateral geniculate nucleus: selective
... stimuli, these have different visibilities, with RG the most visible and BY the least. Cone contrasts used for the 2 Hz condition were 6.5% (Ach), 5% (RG), 6.5% (BY), and for the 8 Hz condition each stimulus had a cone contrast of 4.5%. The cone contrasts at 2 Hz were not exactly matched due to the ...
... stimuli, these have different visibilities, with RG the most visible and BY the least. Cone contrasts used for the 2 Hz condition were 6.5% (Ach), 5% (RG), 6.5% (BY), and for the 8 Hz condition each stimulus had a cone contrast of 4.5%. The cone contrasts at 2 Hz were not exactly matched due to the ...
Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional
... flow (CBF) after glucose or fructose ingestion. Secondary outcomes included wholebrain analyses to explore regional CBF changes, functional connectivity analysis to investigate correlations between the hypothalamus and other brain region responses, and hormone responses to fructose and glucose inges ...
... flow (CBF) after glucose or fructose ingestion. Secondary outcomes included wholebrain analyses to explore regional CBF changes, functional connectivity analysis to investigate correlations between the hypothalamus and other brain region responses, and hormone responses to fructose and glucose inges ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... Smith and Paré 1994; Stefanacci et al. 1992), appears to be a necessary link for the development of auditory conditioned fear responses (LeDoux et al. 1986, 1990). Characterization of the mechanisms governing LAT neuronal activity therefore is required for understanding the neuronal basis of these ...
... Smith and Paré 1994; Stefanacci et al. 1992), appears to be a necessary link for the development of auditory conditioned fear responses (LeDoux et al. 1986, 1990). Characterization of the mechanisms governing LAT neuronal activity therefore is required for understanding the neuronal basis of these ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... together these two systems mediate reward-related learning in basal ganglia circuits. Here, we addressed the potential contribution of cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs to the characteristic multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneurons in vivo. We first recorded and labeled individual cho ...
... together these two systems mediate reward-related learning in basal ganglia circuits. Here, we addressed the potential contribution of cortical and thalamic excitatory inputs to the characteristic multiphasic responses of cholinergic interneurons in vivo. We first recorded and labeled individual cho ...
SLEEP
... survival, are REM independent; but activities involving assimilation of unusual information require REM sleep for optimal consolidation” (Greenberg and Pearlman 1974 p.516) Perhaps simpler tasks don’t need REM sleep but complex ones do or new knowledge do (Pearlman, 1979; Stickgold, 2001) ...
... survival, are REM independent; but activities involving assimilation of unusual information require REM sleep for optimal consolidation” (Greenberg and Pearlman 1974 p.516) Perhaps simpler tasks don’t need REM sleep but complex ones do or new knowledge do (Pearlman, 1979; Stickgold, 2001) ...
Nicotine injections into the ventral tegmental area increase
... rather than at the nerve terminal level is of major importance for the behavioral stimulation by nicotine. Thus. the drug, either in low doses in drug-naive rats or at high dose levels in nicotine-pretreated animals, exerts a more pronounced effect on locomotor activity when it is applied into the V ...
... rather than at the nerve terminal level is of major importance for the behavioral stimulation by nicotine. Thus. the drug, either in low doses in drug-naive rats or at high dose levels in nicotine-pretreated animals, exerts a more pronounced effect on locomotor activity when it is applied into the V ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
... as described above. Each penetration was marked on a drawing of the floor of the fourth ventricle, using the distinctive patterns of blood vessels as a guide to the approximate mediolateral position and best frequency of the underlying nucleus laminaris. The dorsal surface of the nucleus magnocellul ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.