Chapter 1
... • He also found that by 8 months, babies can distinguish a picture of a wooden toy they were allowed to feel, but not see, from pictures of other toys. • This coincides with the development of the hippocampus. ©2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ...
... • He also found that by 8 months, babies can distinguish a picture of a wooden toy they were allowed to feel, but not see, from pictures of other toys. • This coincides with the development of the hippocampus. ©2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ...
Modulation of Inhibitory Synaptic Potentials in the Piriform Cortex
... intrinsic properties of individual neurons. However, the network dynamics of these simplified representations show many qualitative features in common with spiking network models, including attractor dynamics (Fransen and Lansner 1995; Hansel and Sompolinsky 1998; Pinto et al. 1996), and the results ...
... intrinsic properties of individual neurons. However, the network dynamics of these simplified representations show many qualitative features in common with spiking network models, including attractor dynamics (Fransen and Lansner 1995; Hansel and Sompolinsky 1998; Pinto et al. 1996), and the results ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... our findings with the known distributions of AChEcontaining neurons (Jacobowitz and Palkovits, 1974) indicated that several areas rich in AChE-positive neurons did not contain ChAT-positive neurons. In view of the widespread use of histochemical staining procedures for AChE to study “cholinergic” ne ...
... our findings with the known distributions of AChEcontaining neurons (Jacobowitz and Palkovits, 1974) indicated that several areas rich in AChE-positive neurons did not contain ChAT-positive neurons. In view of the widespread use of histochemical staining procedures for AChE to study “cholinergic” ne ...
Projections of the amygdala to the thalamus in the cynomolgus
... sites adjacent to the amygdala (Fig. 4).The piriform, entorhinal, prorhinal, and perirhinal cortices (Van Hoesen and Pandya, ’75) all contained significant numbers of labelled cells following the injections centered in MD (A3, A5, A7). These cortical cells, which were mainly pyramidal, were located ...
... sites adjacent to the amygdala (Fig. 4).The piriform, entorhinal, prorhinal, and perirhinal cortices (Van Hoesen and Pandya, ’75) all contained significant numbers of labelled cells following the injections centered in MD (A3, A5, A7). These cortical cells, which were mainly pyramidal, were located ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... higher amplitude covariations in time by few milliseconds arguing for a causal influence of precise phase synchronization to trigger neuronal interactions. Taken together, these results provide the most direct evidence available so far to suggest a critical mechanistic role of selective synchronizat ...
... higher amplitude covariations in time by few milliseconds arguing for a causal influence of precise phase synchronization to trigger neuronal interactions. Taken together, these results provide the most direct evidence available so far to suggest a critical mechanistic role of selective synchronizat ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... cells forming the pathway, and particularly of the synaptic connections that those cells produce. There is an ample literature on the intrinsic membrane properties of neurons in the thalamocortical network. However, the properties of synapses in this network have been less intensely studied. Deciphe ...
... cells forming the pathway, and particularly of the synaptic connections that those cells produce. There is an ample literature on the intrinsic membrane properties of neurons in the thalamocortical network. However, the properties of synapses in this network have been less intensely studied. Deciphe ...
Caudate Tracing Guidelines
... Beginning rostrally and ending caudally, the following guidelines were established: i. Care was taken not to include cerebrospinal fluid or meningeal artifacts on the medial aspect of each caudate. ii. The nucleus accumbens (abutting on the ventral aspect of the caudate and forming a bridge of tissu ...
... Beginning rostrally and ending caudally, the following guidelines were established: i. Care was taken not to include cerebrospinal fluid or meningeal artifacts on the medial aspect of each caudate. ii. The nucleus accumbens (abutting on the ventral aspect of the caudate and forming a bridge of tissu ...
... of self-control and incentive salience to subserve the transition from voluntary drug use to habitual, compulsive drug abuse. Some have analysed if cocaine alterations are associated with consumption patterns, effect of abstinence and treatment maintenance. This thesis aims to give more evidence reg ...
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
... setting the stage for the development of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Or there may be additional factors, such as stress or neurotoxicity, that occur during adolescence or early adulthood and are necessary for the development of schizophrenia, and may be associated with neurodegenerative changes. ...
... setting the stage for the development of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Or there may be additional factors, such as stress or neurotoxicity, that occur during adolescence or early adulthood and are necessary for the development of schizophrenia, and may be associated with neurodegenerative changes. ...
Increased Anxiety 3 Months after Brief Exposure to MDMA
... decreases in cortical, striatal, thalamic, and hypothalamic 5HT2A/2C receptor density, while low-dose MDMA tended to produce similar effects but only significantly in the piriform cortex. These data suggest that even brief, relatively low-dose MDMA exposure can produce significant, long-term changes ...
... decreases in cortical, striatal, thalamic, and hypothalamic 5HT2A/2C receptor density, while low-dose MDMA tended to produce similar effects but only significantly in the piriform cortex. These data suggest that even brief, relatively low-dose MDMA exposure can produce significant, long-term changes ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... more general, information theoretical context. Our results support the idea that oscillations represent an independent mechanism. In particular, we show that attention modulates gamma oscillations independently of rates and that the flow of information between brain areas depends both on the phase a ...
... more general, information theoretical context. Our results support the idea that oscillations represent an independent mechanism. In particular, we show that attention modulates gamma oscillations independently of rates and that the flow of information between brain areas depends both on the phase a ...
Projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the cochlear
... Indexing terms: granule cells; mossy fibers; polysensory convergence; synapses ...
... Indexing terms: granule cells; mossy fibers; polysensory convergence; synapses ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... sagittal and transverse sinuses. We approached the DR vertically at midbrain and pontine levels by dual ligation and midline incision of the superior sagittal sinus and thus, were able to inject the tracer within the narrow confines of each DR subdivision. Scarcity of retrogradely labeled cells with ...
... sagittal and transverse sinuses. We approached the DR vertically at midbrain and pontine levels by dual ligation and midline incision of the superior sagittal sinus and thus, were able to inject the tracer within the narrow confines of each DR subdivision. Scarcity of retrogradely labeled cells with ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... and the number of release sites (Lessmann and Heumann 1998; Berninger and others 1999; Schinder and others 2000). Synapses that initially have a low Pr, show marked potentiation in response to BDNF, whereas synapses with high Pr show little potentiation in response to BDNF (Lessmann and Heumann 1998 ...
... and the number of release sites (Lessmann and Heumann 1998; Berninger and others 1999; Schinder and others 2000). Synapses that initially have a low Pr, show marked potentiation in response to BDNF, whereas synapses with high Pr show little potentiation in response to BDNF (Lessmann and Heumann 1998 ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
Characterization of MeCP2e1 Transgenic Mice
... levels lower than controls (20). This finding is disconcordant with several other studies, which show negligible differences in anxiety levels (21, 23). However, other mice models of Rett with a truncated form of Mecp2 demonstrate increased levels of anxiety (22). These diverse findings indicate the ...
... levels lower than controls (20). This finding is disconcordant with several other studies, which show negligible differences in anxiety levels (21, 23). However, other mice models of Rett with a truncated form of Mecp2 demonstrate increased levels of anxiety (22). These diverse findings indicate the ...
The Matrix Protein Hikaru genki Localizes to Cholinergic Synaptic
... or anti-GFP (1:500, Invitrogen). AlexaFluor (-488, -568, -594, and -647)-conjugated antibodies (1:200, Invitrogen) were used as secondaries. For staining with anti-D␣7 (1:1000) and anti-D␣6 (1:1000), dissected brains were fixed with 4% PFA in PBS for 10 min on ice. Samples were observed by sequentia ...
... or anti-GFP (1:500, Invitrogen). AlexaFluor (-488, -568, -594, and -647)-conjugated antibodies (1:200, Invitrogen) were used as secondaries. For staining with anti-D␣7 (1:1000) and anti-D␣6 (1:1000), dissected brains were fixed with 4% PFA in PBS for 10 min on ice. Samples were observed by sequentia ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decrease in the severity of the static ocular motor and ...
... "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decrease in the severity of the static ocular motor and ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... map that is less organized than that found when the contralateral eye is enucleated but the ipsilateral eye is allowed to open naturally between P10 to P12 (Smith and Trachtenberg, 2007). While there are features whose development is clearly dependent on visual experience, other features are partia ...
... map that is less organized than that found when the contralateral eye is enucleated but the ipsilateral eye is allowed to open naturally between P10 to P12 (Smith and Trachtenberg, 2007). While there are features whose development is clearly dependent on visual experience, other features are partia ...
Article - Leslie Vosshall - The Rockefeller University
... in V glomerulus volume by increasing the number of Gr21a-expressing neurons or the morphology of axonal arborization. The number of Gr21a-GFP labeled neurons in antennae from air and CO2-exposed flies was quantified (Figure S2A) and no significant differences were found (Figure S2B). The terminal ax ...
... in V glomerulus volume by increasing the number of Gr21a-expressing neurons or the morphology of axonal arborization. The number of Gr21a-GFP labeled neurons in antennae from air and CO2-exposed flies was quantified (Figure S2A) and no significant differences were found (Figure S2B). The terminal ax ...
Article 5 - Graduate Program in Neuroscience | UBC
... hence the simplif ying term ‘unrewarded’ movement. Thus, each instruction was the unique stimulus in each trial indicating the behavioral reaction to be performed following the trigger (execution or withholding of movement) and predicting the type of reinforcer (liquid or sound). Each trial containe ...
... hence the simplif ying term ‘unrewarded’ movement. Thus, each instruction was the unique stimulus in each trial indicating the behavioral reaction to be performed following the trigger (execution or withholding of movement) and predicting the type of reinforcer (liquid or sound). Each trial containe ...
Spatial Organization of Facial Vibrissae and Cortical Barrels in the
... reported to be different from those in mice and rats. Whereas the mystacial pads in mice and rats include four straddlers and five rows of vibrissae, guinea pigs were described to possess six rows of irregularly aligned mystacial vibrissae and no straddlers, and golden hamsters to include seven vibr ...
... reported to be different from those in mice and rats. Whereas the mystacial pads in mice and rats include four straddlers and five rows of vibrissae, guinea pigs were described to possess six rows of irregularly aligned mystacial vibrissae and no straddlers, and golden hamsters to include seven vibr ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... within the rib cage. Its contractions are directly responsible for sending air into the lungs. Secondly, there are several pairs of muscles, such as the internal and external intercostal, scalene, elevator costae, and abdominal muscles. Although they are often classified as “accessory” respiratory m ...
... within the rib cage. Its contractions are directly responsible for sending air into the lungs. Secondly, there are several pairs of muscles, such as the internal and external intercostal, scalene, elevator costae, and abdominal muscles. Although they are often classified as “accessory” respiratory m ...
Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of - e
... modulation of motivation and emotion (Figure 1). Specifically, orexin neuronal projections are particularly abundant in brain structures such as the mPFC, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septum, AMY, locus coeruleus, paraventricular hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei [26]. Reciprocall ...
... modulation of motivation and emotion (Figure 1). Specifically, orexin neuronal projections are particularly abundant in brain structures such as the mPFC, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septum, AMY, locus coeruleus, paraventricular hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei [26]. Reciprocall ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.