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extrasynaptic glutamate does not reach the postsynaptic density
... The age of the animals is critical for this phenomenology. In the rats younger than P20, ACPD inhibits EPSCs as well. This action is mediated, at least in part, by the activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate autoreceptors that are expressed only in P10 – P20 rats [9]. However, we have found ...
... The age of the animals is critical for this phenomenology. In the rats younger than P20, ACPD inhibits EPSCs as well. This action is mediated, at least in part, by the activation of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate autoreceptors that are expressed only in P10 – P20 rats [9]. However, we have found ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... selective for complex shapes, perhaps the body markings of conspecifics. While most tectal cell receptive fields are centered appropriately with respect to the retinotectal map, a high proportion (22% in yellow perch) are displaced 45 degrees or more, showing that tectal neurons can perform a large- ...
... selective for complex shapes, perhaps the body markings of conspecifics. While most tectal cell receptive fields are centered appropriately with respect to the retinotectal map, a high proportion (22% in yellow perch) are displaced 45 degrees or more, showing that tectal neurons can perform a large- ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... At early stages of neural development, neurons send out axons to their appropriate target regions under the guidance of various molecular cues. Once growing axons arrived at their target area they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial sy ...
... At early stages of neural development, neurons send out axons to their appropriate target regions under the guidance of various molecular cues. Once growing axons arrived at their target area they begin to form relatively crude functional connections. These initial connections undergo substantial sy ...
Graziano's CV
... Graziano MSA (2014) How Ventriloquism Works. Frontiers for young minds, DOI:10.3389/frym.2014.00004. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2: 98-113. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Awareness a ...
... Graziano MSA (2014) How Ventriloquism Works. Frontiers for young minds, DOI:10.3389/frym.2014.00004. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: A novel hypothesis. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2: 98-113. Graziano MSA and Kastner S (2011) Awareness a ...
University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... the frequency of occurrence of specific taste cells) remained virtually unchanged between the CT and the NTS neurons . Norgren and Nakamura also showed 114 that taste neurons in behaving animals responded differently from those in anesthetized preparations. In awake animals NTS neurons responded mor ...
... the frequency of occurrence of specific taste cells) remained virtually unchanged between the CT and the NTS neurons . Norgren and Nakamura also showed 114 that taste neurons in behaving animals responded differently from those in anesthetized preparations. In awake animals NTS neurons responded mor ...
Glia-Derived D-Serine Controls NMDA Receptor Activity and
... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
... used, show that GO is indeed entering the slices and degrading glycine efficiently, thus demonstrating that D-serine is the major, if not the only, endogenous ligand of NMDARs in the SON. Astrocytes Control the Activity of Synaptic NMDARs Since D-serine is released from astrocytes (Mothet et al., 20 ...
- Wiley Online Library
... the correlation between ‘functional’ and architectonic subnuclei have been reported (Jenny & Saper, 1987; ...
... the correlation between ‘functional’ and architectonic subnuclei have been reported (Jenny & Saper, 1987; ...
Spatiotemporal Properties of Eye Position Signals
... eye position (Schlag-Rey and Schlag 1984; Wyder and others 2003). For oculomotor control, it is widely accepted that command of eye position is computed by the brainstem circuitry called ‘‘velocity-to-position integrator’’ that calculates the time integral of eye movement (velocity) signals (Robinso ...
... eye position (Schlag-Rey and Schlag 1984; Wyder and others 2003). For oculomotor control, it is widely accepted that command of eye position is computed by the brainstem circuitry called ‘‘velocity-to-position integrator’’ that calculates the time integral of eye movement (velocity) signals (Robinso ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... cortex, which appears to be a crucial mechanism of drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, w ...
... cortex, which appears to be a crucial mechanism of drug addiction. In view of these well-established results, several studies investigated neuronal mechanisms of reward by studying the impulse activity of single neurons in the dopamine system and other presumptive reward structures. In particular, w ...
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Second Edition
... Function (cont’d.) • Basal ganglia/cerebral nuclei – Composed of structures from the cerebrum, thalamus, and midbrain – Basal ganglia are not easily seen and work with the cerebellum to coordinate muscle activities associated with rhythmic movements like walking, running, etc. – Limits unwanted musc ...
... Function (cont’d.) • Basal ganglia/cerebral nuclei – Composed of structures from the cerebrum, thalamus, and midbrain – Basal ganglia are not easily seen and work with the cerebellum to coordinate muscle activities associated with rhythmic movements like walking, running, etc. – Limits unwanted musc ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 primary antibody (1:500; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA). Specificity was confirmed with nonincubation with caspase-3 blocking pe ...
... (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 primary antibody (1:500; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA). Specificity was confirmed with nonincubation with caspase-3 blocking pe ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... The hypothalamus is a small area, weighing about 4 g of the total 1,400 g of adult brain weight, but it is the only 4 g of brain without which life itself is impossible. The hypothalamus is so critical for life because it contains the integrative circuitry that coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and ...
... The hypothalamus is a small area, weighing about 4 g of the total 1,400 g of adult brain weight, but it is the only 4 g of brain without which life itself is impossible. The hypothalamus is so critical for life because it contains the integrative circuitry that coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and ...
Retinotopic Organization and Functional Subdivisions of the Human
... Visual display. The stimuli were generated on a Macintosh G4 computer (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA) using MATLAB software (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) and Psychophysics Toolbox functions (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997) and were projected from a PowerLite 7250 liquid crystal display projector (Epson, ...
... Visual display. The stimuli were generated on a Macintosh G4 computer (Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA) using MATLAB software (The MathWorks, Natick, MA) and Psychophysics Toolbox functions (Brainard, 1997; Pelli, 1997) and were projected from a PowerLite 7250 liquid crystal display projector (Epson, ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... saccades – and the early findings on multiple coordinate systems in the SEF inspired a new generation of experiments that have been very informative. This nascent research posits a higher level function for the SEF. The premise is that the SEF is well poised for controlling saccadic behavior due to ...
... saccades – and the early findings on multiple coordinate systems in the SEF inspired a new generation of experiments that have been very informative. This nascent research posits a higher level function for the SEF. The premise is that the SEF is well poised for controlling saccadic behavior due to ...
thyroid hormones in brain development and
... from early development, and mediate overlapping actions on gene expression. However there are also TR-subtype specific actions. Dio3 for example is induced by T3 specifically through TRα1. In vivo T3 regulates gene expression during development from fetal stages, and in adult animals. A large number ...
... from early development, and mediate overlapping actions on gene expression. However there are also TR-subtype specific actions. Dio3 for example is induced by T3 specifically through TRα1. In vivo T3 regulates gene expression during development from fetal stages, and in adult animals. A large number ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how the brain encodes and processes information and how the networks and structures involved are formed. In this thesis, we use theoretical approaches to further our understanding of brain function. First, we investigate how experimentally-based le ...
... A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how the brain encodes and processes information and how the networks and structures involved are formed. In this thesis, we use theoretical approaches to further our understanding of brain function. First, we investigate how experimentally-based le ...
Document
... BIN1 is the second most significant Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk factor gene identified through genome-wide association studies. BIN1 is an adaptor protein that can bind to several proteins including c-Myc, clathrin, adaptor protein-2 and dynamin. BIN1 is widely expressed in the brain and periphera ...
... BIN1 is the second most significant Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk factor gene identified through genome-wide association studies. BIN1 is an adaptor protein that can bind to several proteins including c-Myc, clathrin, adaptor protein-2 and dynamin. BIN1 is widely expressed in the brain and periphera ...
Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
Ecology and Echolocation of Bats and Toothed Whales
... navigate and forage. Bats and toothed whales possess vastly different ecologies, but have evolved sophisticated echolocation to perceive their environment. Echolocation calls for complex processing of sounds and the integration of auditory information into the motor systems in the brain and differen ...
... navigate and forage. Bats and toothed whales possess vastly different ecologies, but have evolved sophisticated echolocation to perceive their environment. Echolocation calls for complex processing of sounds and the integration of auditory information into the motor systems in the brain and differen ...
mastering-the-world-of-psychology-4th-edition-wood
... A) No new information would ever reach the cell body. Incorrect. Receptor sites are present on cell bodies, so some information would still be taken in. B) No changes in the processing of neural information would take place because dendrites play no role in neural transmission. C) The axon terminals ...
... A) No new information would ever reach the cell body. Incorrect. Receptor sites are present on cell bodies, so some information would still be taken in. B) No changes in the processing of neural information would take place because dendrites play no role in neural transmission. C) The axon terminals ...
Projections of auditory cortex to the medial geniculate body of the cat
... Refinements in knowledge of the principal circuitry in the thalamocortical (TC) system has not been matched by a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose experimental analysis has had a much shorter history (Frigyesi et al., 1972; Jones, 1985). It was possible to question, only a fe ...
... Refinements in knowledge of the principal circuitry in the thalamocortical (TC) system has not been matched by a corresponding level of detail about the CT pathway, whose experimental analysis has had a much shorter history (Frigyesi et al., 1972; Jones, 1985). It was possible to question, only a fe ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... suggest that GABAergic activity develops early and that glutamate activity occurs soon after. This raises the question as to the possible interaction between the two primary transmitters of the brain during early development. If both GABA and glutamate are excitatory, what prevents the neurons in th ...
... suggest that GABAergic activity develops early and that glutamate activity occurs soon after. This raises the question as to the possible interaction between the two primary transmitters of the brain during early development. If both GABA and glutamate are excitatory, what prevents the neurons in th ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... important modulating role. If so, it would be easier to trace at least some of the basic cerebellar effects by utilizing nuclear stimulations. The observation that fastigial stimulation may influence a variety of autonomic reflexes suggests a ...
... important modulating role. If so, it would be easier to trace at least some of the basic cerebellar effects by utilizing nuclear stimulations. The observation that fastigial stimulation may influence a variety of autonomic reflexes suggests a ...
Temporal reproduction and its neuroanatomical correlates in adults
... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence (Kieling et al., 2010) and is one of the most underdiagnosed psychiatric disorders in adults (Faraone, 2007). It is defined with age inappropriate symptoms of hyperactivi ...
... Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence (Kieling et al., 2010) and is one of the most underdiagnosed psychiatric disorders in adults (Faraone, 2007). It is defined with age inappropriate symptoms of hyperactivi ...
Neuroplasticity
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Brain_2.jpg?width=300)
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.