Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... (SIGMA). Coronal slices (30 or 10 mm thickness) were cut to obtain serial sections of the following cerebral areas using bregma-based coordinates (Franklin and Paxinos, 2008): substantia nigra pars compacta (anterior–posterior 2.54 to 3.40 mm), ventral tegmental area ...
... (SIGMA). Coronal slices (30 or 10 mm thickness) were cut to obtain serial sections of the following cerebral areas using bregma-based coordinates (Franklin and Paxinos, 2008): substantia nigra pars compacta (anterior–posterior 2.54 to 3.40 mm), ventral tegmental area ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... The paraventricular (PV) and paratenial (PT) nuclei are prominent cell groups of the midline thalamus. To our knowledge, only a single early report has examined PV projections and no previous study has comprehensively analyzed PT projections. By using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vul ...
... The paraventricular (PV) and paratenial (PT) nuclei are prominent cell groups of the midline thalamus. To our knowledge, only a single early report has examined PV projections and no previous study has comprehensively analyzed PT projections. By using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vul ...
Statistics and geometry of orientation selectivity in primary visual
... fields emerge. This would then provide the animal with optimized feature detectors to survive in its natural environment. At another extreme, orientation selectivity might be learned through visual experience: Orientation selectivity would not be hardwired, but a result of adaptation during brain de ...
... fields emerge. This would then provide the animal with optimized feature detectors to survive in its natural environment. At another extreme, orientation selectivity might be learned through visual experience: Orientation selectivity would not be hardwired, but a result of adaptation during brain de ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... et al., 2004). To study more specifically the functions of 1-class integrins in excitatory neurons, we used another cre line whose expression is driven by the emx1 gene promoter by virtue of an internal ribosome entry site element engineered into the emx1 locus (Gorski et al., 2002). In contrast to ...
... et al., 2004). To study more specifically the functions of 1-class integrins in excitatory neurons, we used another cre line whose expression is driven by the emx1 gene promoter by virtue of an internal ribosome entry site element engineered into the emx1 locus (Gorski et al., 2002). In contrast to ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... (the type of cell on which it is found), but more than one type of receptor can be present on the same cell: for example, ...
... (the type of cell on which it is found), but more than one type of receptor can be present on the same cell: for example, ...
The role of the mirror neuron system in action understanding and
... Stimulation (TMS) evidence in favor of the existence of mirror neurons in humans. TMS is a non-invasive method of stimulating the nervous system. Through this electric stimulation of the motor cortex they found enhanced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) distinct from spontaneous potentials in hand and ...
... Stimulation (TMS) evidence in favor of the existence of mirror neurons in humans. TMS is a non-invasive method of stimulating the nervous system. Through this electric stimulation of the motor cortex they found enhanced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) distinct from spontaneous potentials in hand and ...
The Drosophila Pox neuro gene: control of male courtship behavior
... legs and labellum are affected. Thus, all taste bristles on the anterior wing margin (Fig. 2A) are transformed into mechanosensory bristles, and the transformed dorsal bristles no longer constitute a second posterior row, but are interspersed with the anterior row of mechanosensory bristles, with wh ...
... legs and labellum are affected. Thus, all taste bristles on the anterior wing margin (Fig. 2A) are transformed into mechanosensory bristles, and the transformed dorsal bristles no longer constitute a second posterior row, but are interspersed with the anterior row of mechanosensory bristles, with wh ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... of some hippocampal pyramidal neurons is proportional to the instantaneous value of the aggregate prediction, and the computation of the aggregate prediction is impaired by hippocampal lesions. Schmajuk (1986,1989; Schmajuk & Moore, 1988) extended the Schmajuk and Moore (1985) real-time version of t ...
... of some hippocampal pyramidal neurons is proportional to the instantaneous value of the aggregate prediction, and the computation of the aggregate prediction is impaired by hippocampal lesions. Schmajuk (1986,1989; Schmajuk & Moore, 1988) extended the Schmajuk and Moore (1985) real-time version of t ...
computational and in vitro studies of persistent activity
... longer present in the environment is thought to be the neural correlate of working memory and it is known as persistent activity. It has been observed in many cortical areas of awake monkeys performing working memory tasks (Fuster, 1995; Goldman-Rakic, 1995). Apart from its implication in working me ...
... longer present in the environment is thought to be the neural correlate of working memory and it is known as persistent activity. It has been observed in many cortical areas of awake monkeys performing working memory tasks (Fuster, 1995; Goldman-Rakic, 1995). Apart from its implication in working me ...
Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... brains is in accordance with findings in different species (4, 12–15). The lysosomal storage of bismuth, silver mercury, and gold is believed to represent the last step in a detoxification process (23–29). However, alterations in lysosomal activity might result from this storage. Recently, mercury h ...
... brains is in accordance with findings in different species (4, 12–15). The lysosomal storage of bismuth, silver mercury, and gold is believed to represent the last step in a detoxification process (23–29). However, alterations in lysosomal activity might result from this storage. Recently, mercury h ...
Insulin Treatment Prevents Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Injury
... but its expression was unaffected by HIV-1 infection. Insulin treatment of HIV-infected primary human microglia suppressed supernatant HIV-1 p24 levels, reduced CXCL10 and IL-6 transcript levels, and induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-␥) expression. Insulin treatment of p ...
... but its expression was unaffected by HIV-1 infection. Insulin treatment of HIV-infected primary human microglia suppressed supernatant HIV-1 p24 levels, reduced CXCL10 and IL-6 transcript levels, and induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-␥) expression. Insulin treatment of p ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... under mineral oil. The efferent whole nerve activities were amplified (bandpass: 10 - 3 k Hz), rectified, and integrated by an integrator (Gould 13-4615-70, Gould, Cleveland, OH, USA) with a reset time of 5 s. Signals were monitored with an oscilloscope (Tektronix 5113, Tucker, Dallas, TX, USA) and ...
... under mineral oil. The efferent whole nerve activities were amplified (bandpass: 10 - 3 k Hz), rectified, and integrated by an integrator (Gould 13-4615-70, Gould, Cleveland, OH, USA) with a reset time of 5 s. Signals were monitored with an oscilloscope (Tektronix 5113, Tucker, Dallas, TX, USA) and ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... conditioned r e s p e s are the result of the mutual interaction betmeen two arcs of excibatolry conditioned reflexes. In the case of alimentary reflexes, one reflex arc is formed as an result of association of a definite conditioned stimulus with food, as an uncmditioned stimulus. The other reflex ...
... conditioned r e s p e s are the result of the mutual interaction betmeen two arcs of excibatolry conditioned reflexes. In the case of alimentary reflexes, one reflex arc is formed as an result of association of a definite conditioned stimulus with food, as an uncmditioned stimulus. The other reflex ...
Review Spectrin and calpain
... comprises the two above-mentioned conventional calpains, skeletal muscle-specific calpain 3 (its deficiency leads to a kind of muscular dystrophy), stomach smoothmuscle-specific calpain 8, calpain 9 (which plays a tumor-suppressing role in the mammalian digestive track) and the little known calpains ...
... comprises the two above-mentioned conventional calpains, skeletal muscle-specific calpain 3 (its deficiency leads to a kind of muscular dystrophy), stomach smoothmuscle-specific calpain 8, calpain 9 (which plays a tumor-suppressing role in the mammalian digestive track) and the little known calpains ...
18
... scientists and engineers, the underlying computational mechanisms of the stereo vision in the human brain is still largely unknown. This thesis is an attempt towards creating a developmental model of the stereo vision in the visual cortex. By developmental we mean that the features of each neuron ar ...
... scientists and engineers, the underlying computational mechanisms of the stereo vision in the human brain is still largely unknown. This thesis is an attempt towards creating a developmental model of the stereo vision in the visual cortex. By developmental we mean that the features of each neuron ar ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... extent of the internal capsule and extend into its continuation, the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serves as an axonal pathway not only for cortical efferents, but also for cortical afferents. For example, axons arising from the thalamus, the major source of cortical afferents, traverse th ...
... extent of the internal capsule and extend into its continuation, the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serves as an axonal pathway not only for cortical efferents, but also for cortical afferents. For example, axons arising from the thalamus, the major source of cortical afferents, traverse th ...
Progressive Mitochondrial Compromise in Brains
... (EM), and mtDNA depletion in umbilical cord, cord blood, and peripheral blood, taken from NRTI-exposed but HIV-1– uninfected infants (Divi et al., 2004; Poirier et al., 2003; Shiramizu et al., 2003). In addition, depletion of leukocyte mtDNA in peripheral blood was found to persist in HIV-1– uninfec ...
... (EM), and mtDNA depletion in umbilical cord, cord blood, and peripheral blood, taken from NRTI-exposed but HIV-1– uninfected infants (Divi et al., 2004; Poirier et al., 2003; Shiramizu et al., 2003). In addition, depletion of leukocyte mtDNA in peripheral blood was found to persist in HIV-1– uninfec ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... Ventral midbrain dopamine neurons play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory and movement (reviewed in Albin et al., 1989; Wise, 2004). In addition, their dysfunction is implicated in a number of disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (DeLong, 1990), schizophrenia (Goldstein and Deut ...
... Ventral midbrain dopamine neurons play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory and movement (reviewed in Albin et al., 1989; Wise, 2004). In addition, their dysfunction is implicated in a number of disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (DeLong, 1990), schizophrenia (Goldstein and Deut ...
An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation
... Neuroimaging studies have implicated a number of candidate regions involved in meditation. For reviews see Cahn and Polich (2006), Ivanovski and Malhi (2007) and Neumann and Frasch (2006). However, and for obvious reasons, these reviews do not take into account a number of recent studies. In these e ...
... Neuroimaging studies have implicated a number of candidate regions involved in meditation. For reviews see Cahn and Polich (2006), Ivanovski and Malhi (2007) and Neumann and Frasch (2006). However, and for obvious reasons, these reviews do not take into account a number of recent studies. In these e ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... per se, turned out to be a behavioral condition that specifically called for cellular activity in a posterior portion of the medial prefrontal cortex (pmPFC). The activity, however, was observed during the response period when a number of behavioral factors conjointly took their part. This finding l ...
... per se, turned out to be a behavioral condition that specifically called for cellular activity in a posterior portion of the medial prefrontal cortex (pmPFC). The activity, however, was observed during the response period when a number of behavioral factors conjointly took their part. This finding l ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... Figure 1 Simplified block diagram of the basal ganglia and their principal connections. The nuclei of the basal ganglia are included in the light blue box and consist of the striatum, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the substantia nigra pars reticula ...
... Figure 1 Simplified block diagram of the basal ganglia and their principal connections. The nuclei of the basal ganglia are included in the light blue box and consist of the striatum, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the substantia nigra pars reticula ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in which 5-HT has an elevated effect on auditory processing, extracellular 5-HT must be measured directly within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specif ...
... variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in which 5-HT has an elevated effect on auditory processing, extracellular 5-HT must be measured directly within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specif ...
Functional segregation of the temporal lobes into highly
... other language studies (Frost et al., 1999; Kent, 1998; Price et al., 1999; Specht et al., 2003; Wise et al., 2001), Binder claimed four left-sided, distinct cortical language areas: the temporal lobe, comprising the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and middle and inferior temporal gyrus; the prefront ...
... other language studies (Frost et al., 1999; Kent, 1998; Price et al., 1999; Specht et al., 2003; Wise et al., 2001), Binder claimed four left-sided, distinct cortical language areas: the temporal lobe, comprising the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and middle and inferior temporal gyrus; the prefront ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... Recent studies have revealed that dopamine neurons may receive these reward-related signals from the LHb. A functional MRI (fMRI) study in which human subjects performed a motion-prediction task13 showed that the habenula (in addition to the anterior cingulate cortex and insula) was activated when a ...
... Recent studies have revealed that dopamine neurons may receive these reward-related signals from the LHb. A functional MRI (fMRI) study in which human subjects performed a motion-prediction task13 showed that the habenula (in addition to the anterior cingulate cortex and insula) was activated when a ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Placebo Effect
... Recently, Parkinson’s disease has emerged as an interesting model to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo response. In this case, patients are given an inert substance (the placebo) and are told that it is an antiparkinsonian drug that produces an improvement in their motor perfo ...
... Recently, Parkinson’s disease has emerged as an interesting model to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo response. In this case, patients are given an inert substance (the placebo) and are told that it is an antiparkinsonian drug that produces an improvement in their motor perfo ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.