Differential effects of 10-Hz and 40
... cuing tasks—one to assess endogenous attention and one to assess exogenous attention. Experimental sessions were conducted in an electrically-shielded, sound-attenuated booth, and stimuli were presented on a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor positioned 75 cm from the participant, using Presentation sof ...
... cuing tasks—one to assess endogenous attention and one to assess exogenous attention. Experimental sessions were conducted in an electrically-shielded, sound-attenuated booth, and stimuli were presented on a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor positioned 75 cm from the participant, using Presentation sof ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system is the principal motor system for controlling movements that require the greatest skill and flexibility. It is the last motor system to develop. The pattern of termination of corticospinal axons, as they grow into the spinal gray matter, bears little resemblance to the patte ...
... The corticospinal system is the principal motor system for controlling movements that require the greatest skill and flexibility. It is the last motor system to develop. The pattern of termination of corticospinal axons, as they grow into the spinal gray matter, bears little resemblance to the patte ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... to pathological brain states even in the absence of acute neuronal damage or lasting sequelae. Thus, it is plausible that it may have some impact on the brain with virtually any pathological condition. Increased TNF-α expression in chronic inflammatory CNS disease appears to be a result of both incr ...
... to pathological brain states even in the absence of acute neuronal damage or lasting sequelae. Thus, it is plausible that it may have some impact on the brain with virtually any pathological condition. Increased TNF-α expression in chronic inflammatory CNS disease appears to be a result of both incr ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... from 50 to 270 ms, with median 110 ms. In area 7a, although the and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, how ...
... from 50 to 270 ms, with median 110 ms. In area 7a, although the and S. These basic phases are common to neurons of both areas range was similar to that of LIP, typically the LS latencies were LIP and 7a. In each phase (LS, M, and S), individual neurons may or may not be active. Most LIP neurons, how ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... evidence support an elevated discharge rate and a preponderant bursty pattern of STN neurons in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease (PD; Bergman et al., 1994, 1998; Benazzouz et al., 1996; Hassani et al., 1996; Périer et al., 2000; Vila et al., 2000). Moreover, some STN cells exhibit a rhythm ...
... evidence support an elevated discharge rate and a preponderant bursty pattern of STN neurons in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease (PD; Bergman et al., 1994, 1998; Benazzouz et al., 1996; Hassani et al., 1996; Périer et al., 2000; Vila et al., 2000). Moreover, some STN cells exhibit a rhythm ...
Fut u re N
... ability of the brain to perform novel encoding in the absence of retrieval of existing memories – an imbalance in the separation of encoding dynamics from retrieval dynamics. The malignant synaptic growth hypothesis was inspired by neural network simulations, and those interested in a detailed descr ...
... ability of the brain to perform novel encoding in the absence of retrieval of existing memories – an imbalance in the separation of encoding dynamics from retrieval dynamics. The malignant synaptic growth hypothesis was inspired by neural network simulations, and those interested in a detailed descr ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Electrophysiolog y. All experimental procedures were in accordance with the C anadian Council on Animal C are policy on the use and care of laboratory animals and approved by the Queen’s University Animal C are Committee. Surgical, electrophysiological, and data acquisition methods were described pr ...
... Electrophysiolog y. All experimental procedures were in accordance with the C anadian Council on Animal C are policy on the use and care of laboratory animals and approved by the Queen’s University Animal C are Committee. Surgical, electrophysiological, and data acquisition methods were described pr ...
Amygdala Modulation of Cerebellar Learning
... attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala– cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established. ...
... attention-like mechanism that facilitates cerebellar learning. In contrast to previous theories of amygdala– cerebellum interactions, the sensory gating hypothesis posits that the gating mechanism continues to be necessary for retrieval of cerebellar memory after learning is well established. ...
Chapter 14 - Brain and Spinal Cord
... roof of the mesencehalon and area posterior to mesencephalic aqueduct It contains two pairs of sensory nuclei collectively known as the corpora quadrigemina – process visual and auditory sensations. ...
... roof of the mesencehalon and area posterior to mesencephalic aqueduct It contains two pairs of sensory nuclei collectively known as the corpora quadrigemina – process visual and auditory sensations. ...
Linking form and motion in the primate brain
... others. Human developmental studies have shown that even young children can already discriminate between pictures of objects implying motion and pictures of objects that do not imply motion [73], although this capability is still developing [74]. An interesting finding from these studies is that you ...
... others. Human developmental studies have shown that even young children can already discriminate between pictures of objects implying motion and pictures of objects that do not imply motion [73], although this capability is still developing [74]. An interesting finding from these studies is that you ...
Identified nerve cells and insect behavior
... complex, and so studies of their organization typically have not yielded completely defined circuits as are known from some other invertebrates. However, several important findings have emerged. Analysis of neuronal oscillators for rhythmic behavior have delineated a profound influence of sensory fe ...
... complex, and so studies of their organization typically have not yielded completely defined circuits as are known from some other invertebrates. However, several important findings have emerged. Analysis of neuronal oscillators for rhythmic behavior have delineated a profound influence of sensory fe ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
The central nervous system.
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
... As in all vertebrates, the only primary sensory receptor cells in teleosts are located in the olfactory mucosa, i.e., the axons of these cells represent the primary olfactory projections (fila olfactoria, olfactory nerve) and reach the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulbs.172 The number of glomer ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... Control of the timing of the inspiratory/expiratory (IE) phase transition is a hallmark of respiratory pattern formation. In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors (Breuer– Hering reflex, BHR) is seen as the major controller for the IE phase transition, while pontine-based cont ...
... Control of the timing of the inspiratory/expiratory (IE) phase transition is a hallmark of respiratory pattern formation. In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors (Breuer– Hering reflex, BHR) is seen as the major controller for the IE phase transition, while pontine-based cont ...
Modulation of early cortical processing during divided attention to
... relates to the timing of the attentional modulation. SSVEP and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have provided evidence that modulation occurs in early visual cortical areas. However, owing to the low temporal resolution of the methods employed, these studies are not suitable for investi ...
... relates to the timing of the attentional modulation. SSVEP and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have provided evidence that modulation occurs in early visual cortical areas. However, owing to the low temporal resolution of the methods employed, these studies are not suitable for investi ...
Anatomy of Neuropsychiatry : The New Anatomy of the
... of how much and which brain structures were destroyed. But, then, of course, this kind of information cannot be acquired and, in any event, is of little use unless one knows ahead something about the size, shape, and composition of different brain structures that might be destroyed by the lesions an ...
... of how much and which brain structures were destroyed. But, then, of course, this kind of information cannot be acquired and, in any event, is of little use unless one knows ahead something about the size, shape, and composition of different brain structures that might be destroyed by the lesions an ...
the primate amygdala: neuronal representations of
... include firing to even viscous liquids, and sufficiently short so that low viscosity taste stimuli were still activating the neurons, as shown in Fig. 2 of Rolls et al. (2003) and in Fig. 4. An ANOVA was performed (with SPSS) to determine whether the neuron had significantly different responses to t ...
... include firing to even viscous liquids, and sufficiently short so that low viscosity taste stimuli were still activating the neurons, as shown in Fig. 2 of Rolls et al. (2003) and in Fig. 4. An ANOVA was performed (with SPSS) to determine whether the neuron had significantly different responses to t ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... made). A sample stimulus was presented at one of 8 or 12 randomly selected locations for 400 ms, followed by a 900 ms delay period (delay 1). The LR rule was instructed by the presentation of the boundary cue in a vertical orientation for 400 ms, followed by a 900 ms delay period (delay 2). The monk ...
... made). A sample stimulus was presented at one of 8 or 12 randomly selected locations for 400 ms, followed by a 900 ms delay period (delay 1). The LR rule was instructed by the presentation of the boundary cue in a vertical orientation for 400 ms, followed by a 900 ms delay period (delay 2). The monk ...
(Nurr1, Nur77 and Nor-1) by Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics in
... neurons of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. This nuclear receptor is essential for the development and maintenance of mesencephalic dopamine neurons (Zetterström et al., 1997). However, its role in fully mature dopamine neurons remains uncertain. Nur77 (also known as Nerve-Growth Fac ...
... neurons of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. This nuclear receptor is essential for the development and maintenance of mesencephalic dopamine neurons (Zetterström et al., 1997). However, its role in fully mature dopamine neurons remains uncertain. Nur77 (also known as Nerve-Growth Fac ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1) - test bank and solution manual for your
... Incorrect. Dendrites, not axons, receive messages. d) insulate against leakage of electrical impulses ANS: a, p. 47, F, LO=2.1, (2) % correct 67 a= 67 b= 2 c= 10 d= 21 r = .41 % correct 80 a= 80 b= 6 c= 13 d= 2 r = .30 APA: LO 1.2 14. _________ receive messages from other neurons and _____________se ...
... Incorrect. Dendrites, not axons, receive messages. d) insulate against leakage of electrical impulses ANS: a, p. 47, F, LO=2.1, (2) % correct 67 a= 67 b= 2 c= 10 d= 21 r = .41 % correct 80 a= 80 b= 6 c= 13 d= 2 r = .30 APA: LO 1.2 14. _________ receive messages from other neurons and _____________se ...
Review International Journal of Integrative Biology Reticular
... reticular brainstem core is characterized foremost by loosely arranged small and medium-sized neurons. The main exception occurs in the central parts of the upper medulla and lower pons, where a significant number of large cells intermingle with small and medium sized cells. This region is referred ...
... reticular brainstem core is characterized foremost by loosely arranged small and medium-sized neurons. The main exception occurs in the central parts of the upper medulla and lower pons, where a significant number of large cells intermingle with small and medium sized cells. This region is referred ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... been made in understanding the dynamics of transmission both on a physiological and modeling level. Nevertheless, little is known about the processing of complex, long lasting stimulation patterns mimicking the input typically present in the intact brain. Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chro ...
... been made in understanding the dynamics of transmission both on a physiological and modeling level. Nevertheless, little is known about the processing of complex, long lasting stimulation patterns mimicking the input typically present in the intact brain. Furthermore, calyx of Held synapses are chro ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... responded in a reversal task, immediately after the monkey had responded to the previously rewarded visual stimulus, but had obtained the punisher of salt taste rather than reward, indicating that the choice of stimulus should change in this visual discrimination reversal task. Importantly, at least ...
... responded in a reversal task, immediately after the monkey had responded to the previously rewarded visual stimulus, but had obtained the punisher of salt taste rather than reward, indicating that the choice of stimulus should change in this visual discrimination reversal task. Importantly, at least ...
A Critical Review of Secondary Neurodegeneration
... molecular structure that allows it to assume a large variety of configurations within the central nervous system, each of which appears to result in quite distinct biological effects [13,14]. This issue of specificity with respect to configuration state of amyloid-β is not simply academic matter for ...
... molecular structure that allows it to assume a large variety of configurations within the central nervous system, each of which appears to result in quite distinct biological effects [13,14]. This issue of specificity with respect to configuration state of amyloid-β is not simply academic matter for ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.