Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) of Palmer et al. (1978). The existence of extensive interconnections contrasts with the many differences between these two areas. Ar ...
... the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) of Palmer et al. (1978). The existence of extensive interconnections contrasts with the many differences between these two areas. Ar ...
Changing the Language of Addiction.
... structures of the brain, including the nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, basal forebrain and amygdala, such that motivational hierarchies are altered and addictive behaviors, which may or may not include alcohol and other drug use, supplant healthy, self-care related behaviors. Addiction ...
... structures of the brain, including the nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, basal forebrain and amygdala, such that motivational hierarchies are altered and addictive behaviors, which may or may not include alcohol and other drug use, supplant healthy, self-care related behaviors. Addiction ...
Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond
... The expression of brain GnRHR occurs after birth and is restricted to postmitotic neurons [25]; this excludes their involvement in neuronal embryonic development and suggests a possible role in postnatal development or in brain plasticity. Actually, activation of GnRHR alters the electrical properti ...
... The expression of brain GnRHR occurs after birth and is restricted to postmitotic neurons [25]; this excludes their involvement in neuronal embryonic development and suggests a possible role in postnatal development or in brain plasticity. Actually, activation of GnRHR alters the electrical properti ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
Sample
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
... Incorrect. Down syndrome is not an adaptive quality of human beings; rather, it is an illness that is caused by having one too many chromosomes. d. language Correct. The ability to use language as a means of communication is certainly adaptive to human beings. e. the ability to program a cell phone ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... 1. Introduction: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) comprises of dopaminergic (DA) and non-dopaminergic (nonDA) neurons. The abundant non-dopaminergic neurons are gamma-aminobutyric acid releasing or putative GABAergic neurons. The VTA plays a significant role in reward, addiction, psychiatric disord ...
... 1. Introduction: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) comprises of dopaminergic (DA) and non-dopaminergic (nonDA) neurons. The abundant non-dopaminergic neurons are gamma-aminobutyric acid releasing or putative GABAergic neurons. The VTA plays a significant role in reward, addiction, psychiatric disord ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... the P channel. The evidence supporting this proposal hasbeen reviewed in detail elsewhere(Livingstone and Hubel, 1987a, 1988; Maunsell, 1987; Maunsell and Newsome, 1987). Although little conclusive evidence is available, numerous observations support this hypothesis. For example, recent behavioral s ...
... the P channel. The evidence supporting this proposal hasbeen reviewed in detail elsewhere(Livingstone and Hubel, 1987a, 1988; Maunsell, 1987; Maunsell and Newsome, 1987). Although little conclusive evidence is available, numerous observations support this hypothesis. For example, recent behavioral s ...
From Thought to Action
... Systems engineering' is rapidly assuming a prominent role in neuroscience that could unify scientific theories, experimental evidence, and medical development. In this three-part work, I study the neural representation of targets before reaching movements and the generation of prosthetic control sig ...
... Systems engineering' is rapidly assuming a prominent role in neuroscience that could unify scientific theories, experimental evidence, and medical development. In this three-part work, I study the neural representation of targets before reaching movements and the generation of prosthetic control sig ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... are only about 0.7 mM. Plasma glucose levels were approximately 5 mM in these studies (E.C. McNay, personal communication). Interestingly, while hippocampal glucose levels fell by 32% during a test of spatial memory in adult Sprague –Dawley rats, striatal levels were unaffected. When glucose was inj ...
... are only about 0.7 mM. Plasma glucose levels were approximately 5 mM in these studies (E.C. McNay, personal communication). Interestingly, while hippocampal glucose levels fell by 32% during a test of spatial memory in adult Sprague –Dawley rats, striatal levels were unaffected. When glucose was inj ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... anxiety levels. Layer II/III of the prefrontal cortex, which mediates communication across cortical regions, displays a high level of 5-HT1A receptor binding in normal individuals and a significantly lower level in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Here, we examine how serotonin modulates py ...
... anxiety levels. Layer II/III of the prefrontal cortex, which mediates communication across cortical regions, displays a high level of 5-HT1A receptor binding in normal individuals and a significantly lower level in patients with mood and anxiety disorders. Here, we examine how serotonin modulates py ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
... are excreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species in which they release a specific reaction, for example a definite behavior or developmental process” (31). Pheromones have been shown in insect, fish, and mammal to trigger genetically preprogrammed set ...
... are excreted to the outside by an individual and received by a second individual of the same species in which they release a specific reaction, for example a definite behavior or developmental process” (31). Pheromones have been shown in insect, fish, and mammal to trigger genetically preprogrammed set ...
Sensory Adaptation and Short Term Plasticity as Bayesian
... optimal adaptation rule is to normalize the inputs from each presynaptic neuron. Inputs from presynaptic neurons with high excitability will tend to have low gain, while inputs from neurons with low excitability will tend to have high gain. Under this rule, short term increases in firing rate are ty ...
... optimal adaptation rule is to normalize the inputs from each presynaptic neuron. Inputs from presynaptic neurons with high excitability will tend to have low gain, while inputs from neurons with low excitability will tend to have high gain. Under this rule, short term increases in firing rate are ty ...
The neural encoding of self-generated and externally applied
... Why is early vestibular processing in mice characterized by lower pathway modulation than in monkeys? The general decrease in modulation could potentially indicate sensory processing has adapted to ...
... Why is early vestibular processing in mice characterized by lower pathway modulation than in monkeys? The general decrease in modulation could potentially indicate sensory processing has adapted to ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... of different functions: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe (Fig. ...
... of different functions: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe (Fig. ...
Table of Contents - The Mind Project
... In addition to role-playing and being able to collect data to interpret, this virtual lab, allows students to see how the research process works, on a bigger, grander scale. Students learn that there is a cellular phenomenon that scientists do not understand. Data show that Parkinson’s patients have ...
... In addition to role-playing and being able to collect data to interpret, this virtual lab, allows students to see how the research process works, on a bigger, grander scale. Students learn that there is a cellular phenomenon that scientists do not understand. Data show that Parkinson’s patients have ...
The precision of value-based choices depends causally on
... choice alternatives3,4, compute and compare the values for the different options based on sensory and mnemonic information3–5 and adequately map these value computations to the appropriate actions6. Candidate brain areas that assign and compare values include the medial–prefrontal and parietal corte ...
... choice alternatives3,4, compute and compare the values for the different options based on sensory and mnemonic information3–5 and adequately map these value computations to the appropriate actions6. Candidate brain areas that assign and compare values include the medial–prefrontal and parietal corte ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... others. Mirror neurons in macaque area F5 were originally shown to respond during both the monkey’s own grasping action and during observation of grasp carried out by a human experimenter [3, 4]. Recordings made in adjacent primary motor cortex (M1) were reported as lacking mirror-like activity, and ...
... others. Mirror neurons in macaque area F5 were originally shown to respond during both the monkey’s own grasping action and during observation of grasp carried out by a human experimenter [3, 4]. Recordings made in adjacent primary motor cortex (M1) were reported as lacking mirror-like activity, and ...
Spasticity after stroke: Physiology, assessment and treatment
... groups, I (low oxidative) and II (fast twitch), may result from a change in their descending control pathway in spastic hemiplegic patients. These results support the hypothesis that hyperactivity of the spinal reflex induces spasticity. For intentional movements, central voluntary motor command may ...
... groups, I (low oxidative) and II (fast twitch), may result from a change in their descending control pathway in spastic hemiplegic patients. These results support the hypothesis that hyperactivity of the spinal reflex induces spasticity. For intentional movements, central voluntary motor command may ...
Iterative development and the scope for plasticity: contrasts
... repeatedly over the lifetime of a single individual, offering multiple opportunities for plastic modification of trait expression in response to changing environmental conditions. The most obvious example of this phenomenon is iteroparity, in which reproductive characteristics can be modified between ...
... repeatedly over the lifetime of a single individual, offering multiple opportunities for plastic modification of trait expression in response to changing environmental conditions. The most obvious example of this phenomenon is iteroparity, in which reproductive characteristics can be modified between ...
Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical
... In summary, we find that REM sleep plays an important role in enhancing experience-dependent plasticity in the developing cerebral cortex of cats. These findings support a long-standing hypothesis that REM sleep in early life promotes circuit formation (2). Our findings suggest that REM sleep achiev ...
... In summary, we find that REM sleep plays an important role in enhancing experience-dependent plasticity in the developing cerebral cortex of cats. These findings support a long-standing hypothesis that REM sleep in early life promotes circuit formation (2). Our findings suggest that REM sleep achiev ...
The what, where and how of auditory
... whereas non-spatial activity is observed across the temporal lobe35. Finally, other findings have shown that the ventral stream is involved in the categorization of speech sounds36–38, which is an important component of auditory-object processing 1. Preferential spatial and non-spatial processing is ...
... whereas non-spatial activity is observed across the temporal lobe35. Finally, other findings have shown that the ventral stream is involved in the categorization of speech sounds36–38, which is an important component of auditory-object processing 1. Preferential spatial and non-spatial processing is ...
Comparative neuronal morphology of the
... Axelrad, 1996), very few cerebellar neurons have been digitally reconstructed relative to those in the neocortex and hippocampus (Halavi et al., 2012). In fact, it is revealing that, of the 10,004 digital reconstructions currently in the online repository at Neuromorpho.org, only 24 are cerebellar n ...
... Axelrad, 1996), very few cerebellar neurons have been digitally reconstructed relative to those in the neocortex and hippocampus (Halavi et al., 2012). In fact, it is revealing that, of the 10,004 digital reconstructions currently in the online repository at Neuromorpho.org, only 24 are cerebellar n ...
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... neurons are stimulated in vitro for several seconds, late adaptation acting on a time scale of 1– 4 sec is found both in inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Preliminary data from our lab show that this late adaptation in fact is more pronounced for inhibitory neurons, although they can sustain higher ...
... neurons are stimulated in vitro for several seconds, late adaptation acting on a time scale of 1– 4 sec is found both in inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Preliminary data from our lab show that this late adaptation in fact is more pronounced for inhibitory neurons, although they can sustain higher ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.