The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... The Skeletomotor Circuit Engages Specific Portions of the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus Since movement disorders are prominent in diseases of the basal ganglia, it is appropriate here to focus on the skeletomotor circuit. In primates the skeletomotor circuit originates in the cerebral ...
... The Skeletomotor Circuit Engages Specific Portions of the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus Since movement disorders are prominent in diseases of the basal ganglia, it is appropriate here to focus on the skeletomotor circuit. In primates the skeletomotor circuit originates in the cerebral ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
... indicating a response transfer from primary reward to the rewardpredicting instruction, possibly reflecting the temporal unpredictability of reward. In conclusion, orbitofrontal neurons report stimuli associated with reinforcers are concerned with the expectation of reward and detect reward delivery ...
... indicating a response transfer from primary reward to the rewardpredicting instruction, possibly reflecting the temporal unpredictability of reward. In conclusion, orbitofrontal neurons report stimuli associated with reinforcers are concerned with the expectation of reward and detect reward delivery ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... in isopentane at ⫺30°C. All animals bearing 6-OHDA lesions (n ⫽ 30) were perfused transcardially under chloral hydrate anesthesia with 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.2, supplemented with heparin (5 ⫻ 10 4 IU/ml), followed by 350 ml of cold fixative consisting of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.3 ( ...
... in isopentane at ⫺30°C. All animals bearing 6-OHDA lesions (n ⫽ 30) were perfused transcardially under chloral hydrate anesthesia with 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.2, supplemented with heparin (5 ⫻ 10 4 IU/ml), followed by 350 ml of cold fixative consisting of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.3 ( ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) corresponds to the region of visual field over which the cell summates stimuli. This method provides estimates of RF center size larger than the mRF or the RF center sizes obtained using automatic plotting by reverse correlation (Fi ...
... ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) corresponds to the region of visual field over which the cell summates stimuli. This method provides estimates of RF center size larger than the mRF or the RF center sizes obtained using automatic plotting by reverse correlation (Fi ...
Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... (iv) M2. Inward reach movement, i.e. movement towards the memorized target outside the field of view. M1 and M2 periods of neural modulation related to arm movements towards the LED and towards the home button, respectively; both epochs could start before the onset of arm movement in case the neural ...
... (iv) M2. Inward reach movement, i.e. movement towards the memorized target outside the field of view. M1 and M2 periods of neural modulation related to arm movements towards the LED and towards the home button, respectively; both epochs could start before the onset of arm movement in case the neural ...
lmmunocytochemical Localization of Protein Kinase C lsozymes in
... and other fiber tract-enriched areas.At this low magnification, it was obvious that the immunoreactivity was much lower in the molecular layer of cortex (alsoseeFigs. 2 and 3), and in the neuropil of hippocampusand molecular layer of dentate gyrus (Figs. 1, 4). The generaldistribution of the immunor ...
... and other fiber tract-enriched areas.At this low magnification, it was obvious that the immunoreactivity was much lower in the molecular layer of cortex (alsoseeFigs. 2 and 3), and in the neuropil of hippocampusand molecular layer of dentate gyrus (Figs. 1, 4). The generaldistribution of the immunor ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... viewed while wet, and small regions with label were cut, postfixed in 0.5% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 3 min, dehydrated through graded ethanol and propylene oxide, and embedded in Araldite between two sheets of Aclar plastic film. Photographs of the sections were captured with a CC ...
... viewed while wet, and small regions with label were cut, postfixed in 0.5% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 3 min, dehydrated through graded ethanol and propylene oxide, and embedded in Araldite between two sheets of Aclar plastic film. Photographs of the sections were captured with a CC ...
I. Pain and the Nervous System
... (MPQ), an inventory that categorized pain into three dimensions: sensory, affective, and evaluative. The sensory dimension includes pain described in terms of its temporal, spatial, pressure, and thermal properties; the affective dimension defines pain in terms of fear, tension, and autonomic proper ...
... (MPQ), an inventory that categorized pain into three dimensions: sensory, affective, and evaluative. The sensory dimension includes pain described in terms of its temporal, spatial, pressure, and thermal properties; the affective dimension defines pain in terms of fear, tension, and autonomic proper ...
Point-Light Biological Motion Perception Activates Human Premotor
... Image processing and analysis. Image preprocessing and statistical analysis were performed using Analysis of Functional Neuroimages (AFNI) (Cox, 1996), FreeSurfer (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 1999a), and Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA) software packages. For each individual subject, the B0 fiel ...
... Image processing and analysis. Image preprocessing and statistical analysis were performed using Analysis of Functional Neuroimages (AFNI) (Cox, 1996), FreeSurfer (Dale et al., 1999; Fischl et al., 1999a), and Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA) software packages. For each individual subject, the B0 fiel ...
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain - Wurtman Lab
... When plasma glucose levels are above or below an ‘‘allowable’’ range, homeostatic feedback mechanisms are engaged to restore them to within that range, for example, insulin secretion in hyperglycemia, epinephrine secretion and glycogen breakdown in hypoglycemia. Similarly, when body temperature is a ...
... When plasma glucose levels are above or below an ‘‘allowable’’ range, homeostatic feedback mechanisms are engaged to restore them to within that range, for example, insulin secretion in hyperglycemia, epinephrine secretion and glycogen breakdown in hypoglycemia. Similarly, when body temperature is a ...
Molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila single
... of the sim+ neurons send their axons across the midline. Experiments involving a transgenic locus-wide survey of sim DNA fragments identified enhancers that can drive all aspects of sim larval brain gene expression. These include distinct enhancers that can drive expression in specific sim+ neuronal c ...
... of the sim+ neurons send their axons across the midline. Experiments involving a transgenic locus-wide survey of sim DNA fragments identified enhancers that can drive all aspects of sim larval brain gene expression. These include distinct enhancers that can drive expression in specific sim+ neuronal c ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... In their studies on the rat DRN, Dahlström and Fuxe used formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), which had been developed by Falck et al. (1962) for visualization of monoamines. The FIF-technique soon became the most popular tool for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A majo ...
... In their studies on the rat DRN, Dahlström and Fuxe used formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), which had been developed by Falck et al. (1962) for visualization of monoamines. The FIF-technique soon became the most popular tool for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A majo ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... We perceive the environment via sensor arrays and interact with it through motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This lea ...
... We perceive the environment via sensor arrays and interact with it through motor outputs. The work of this thesis concerns how the brain selects actions given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This lea ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
... right auditory cortex were incised. A piece of metal was attached to the skull with dental resin, and the head was fixed by screwing the metal piece onto a manipulator. The skull over the auditory cortex was removed in mice used for some experiments (see Figs. 2B, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 13) to compare ...
... right auditory cortex were incised. A piece of metal was attached to the skull with dental resin, and the head was fixed by screwing the metal piece onto a manipulator. The skull over the auditory cortex was removed in mice used for some experiments (see Figs. 2B, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 13) to compare ...
Foundations of Physiological Psychology, 7e (Carlson)
... Full file at http://testbankeasy.eu/Test-bank-for-Foundations-of-Behavioral-Neuroscienc e,-9th-Edition---Carlson plugged with cotton, the scent of a flower is directed to her right nostril. We would expect this odor to A) generate a sensory message in the left hemisphere of her brain. B) generate a ...
... Full file at http://testbankeasy.eu/Test-bank-for-Foundations-of-Behavioral-Neuroscienc e,-9th-Edition---Carlson plugged with cotton, the scent of a flower is directed to her right nostril. We would expect this odor to A) generate a sensory message in the left hemisphere of her brain. B) generate a ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
Evidence that GABA augmentation of norepinephrine release is mediated by interneurons
... 1-way analysis of variance ŽANOVA. for independent samples. Each brain region was analyzed separately. For experiments using synaptoneurosome preparations, differences between groups were determined using a 2-way ANOVA, with GABA as one between-groups variable, and KCl concentration as the second. G ...
... 1-way analysis of variance ŽANOVA. for independent samples. Each brain region was analyzed separately. For experiments using synaptoneurosome preparations, differences between groups were determined using a 2-way ANOVA, with GABA as one between-groups variable, and KCl concentration as the second. G ...
Head Injury and Intracranial Hypertension
... • Goals of resuscitation and treatment is to minimize secondary ischemic brain injury by promoting and preserving cerebral perfusion – Prevent or treat post injury hypotension – Prevent or treat hypoxemia and reduce oxygen demand of the brain – Prevent or treat intracranial ...
... • Goals of resuscitation and treatment is to minimize secondary ischemic brain injury by promoting and preserving cerebral perfusion – Prevent or treat post injury hypotension – Prevent or treat hypoxemia and reduce oxygen demand of the brain – Prevent or treat intracranial ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... did not emerge until respiratory challenges were applied. Representative discharge patterns of CRRNs exposed to respiratory challenges are presented in Figs. 4–8. Figure 4 shows an expiratory phasic CRRN response to cessation of the ventilator at both LI and FRC for a single breath. A sustained LI t ...
... did not emerge until respiratory challenges were applied. Representative discharge patterns of CRRNs exposed to respiratory challenges are presented in Figs. 4–8. Figure 4 shows an expiratory phasic CRRN response to cessation of the ventilator at both LI and FRC for a single breath. A sustained LI t ...
Plxdc2/TEM7R of the mouse
... screen for genes upregulated in human tumour endothelium and named tumour endothelial marker 7 (TEM7) (Carson-Walter et al., 2001; St Croix et al., 2000). Plxdc2 is thus also referred to as TEM7-related (TEM7R). The parallels between angiogenesis and nerve growth have been noted before and several m ...
... screen for genes upregulated in human tumour endothelium and named tumour endothelial marker 7 (TEM7) (Carson-Walter et al., 2001; St Croix et al., 2000). Plxdc2 is thus also referred to as TEM7-related (TEM7R). The parallels between angiogenesis and nerve growth have been noted before and several m ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... phenomenon will provide insight not only into the incidence of this particular pattern of sensory convergence, but will also contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of multisensory convergence and integration in general. The anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) is one of but a few corti ...
... phenomenon will provide insight not only into the incidence of this particular pattern of sensory convergence, but will also contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of multisensory convergence and integration in general. The anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) is one of but a few corti ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an object in the peripheral visual field gradually decreases, and the object finally becomes invisible. When this happe ...
... deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an object in the peripheral visual field gradually decreases, and the object finally becomes invisible. When this happe ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.