Medial medullary syndrome
... • The medulla oblongata is the lowest portion of the brainstem and continuous with the pons superiorly and spinal cord inferiorly. It is a vital anatomic structure as it is responsible for multiple autonomic functions necessary for life. It contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor ...
... • The medulla oblongata is the lowest portion of the brainstem and continuous with the pons superiorly and spinal cord inferiorly. It is a vital anatomic structure as it is responsible for multiple autonomic functions necessary for life. It contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor ...
The role of nitric oxide in the hypothalamic control of LHRH and
... receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-positive neurons (Fig. 10) [18, 97] indicating a potential role of NO in sexual behavior. The biological significance of such colocalization is demonstrated by an in ...
... receptors [90]. In the ventrolateral aspect of the nucleus, the estrogen receptors have been found to be expressed in numerous NADPH-d-positive neurons (Fig. 10) [18, 97] indicating a potential role of NO in sexual behavior. The biological significance of such colocalization is demonstrated by an in ...
CCNBook/Neuron
... processing. And this information processing prowess does not require much complexity from the individual neurons themselves -- fairly simple forms of information integration both accurately describe the response properties of actual neocortical neurons, and enable sophisticated information processin ...
... processing. And this information processing prowess does not require much complexity from the individual neurons themselves -- fairly simple forms of information integration both accurately describe the response properties of actual neocortical neurons, and enable sophisticated information processin ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.247 on June 18, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.247 on June 18, 2017 ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... A. Synchronization and Stochastic Neuronal Activity in the Cerebral Cortex In 1958, Frédéric Bremer published a seminal review in this journal on “theoretical and experimental data pertaining to the nature, origin, synchrony and functional significance of brain waves” (110). Half a century later, th ...
... A. Synchronization and Stochastic Neuronal Activity in the Cerebral Cortex In 1958, Frédéric Bremer published a seminal review in this journal on “theoretical and experimental data pertaining to the nature, origin, synchrony and functional significance of brain waves” (110). Half a century later, th ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... Namely, in forced swimming test, the animals with bilateral lesions of the habenula cannot utilize the extrinsic cue for escape even if it was provided. In rats, the lateral habenula receives inputs from the medial habenula asymmetrically (Kim and Chang, 2005). It is not known how such asymmetric co ...
... Namely, in forced swimming test, the animals with bilateral lesions of the habenula cannot utilize the extrinsic cue for escape even if it was provided. In rats, the lateral habenula receives inputs from the medial habenula asymmetrically (Kim and Chang, 2005). It is not known how such asymmetric co ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... form value judgements and make choices. The application of such quantitative models has opened up new fields, ripe for attack by young synthesizers and theoreticians. The concept of behavioural control is intimately tied to the valuation of resources and choices. For example, a creature that moves l ...
... form value judgements and make choices. The application of such quantitative models has opened up new fields, ripe for attack by young synthesizers and theoreticians. The concept of behavioural control is intimately tied to the valuation of resources and choices. For example, a creature that moves l ...
Activity in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Reflects Multiple Steps of
... monkeys that performed a path-planning task that required multiple stepwise movements of a cursor within a maze to reach a goal. Figures 1A and 1C show the sequence and timing of events for each trial in our behavioral task. As the monkeys placed their wrists in neutral positions, a start display ap ...
... monkeys that performed a path-planning task that required multiple stepwise movements of a cursor within a maze to reach a goal. Figures 1A and 1C show the sequence and timing of events for each trial in our behavioral task. As the monkeys placed their wrists in neutral positions, a start display ap ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... Theories of orientation selectivity The rationale of our experiments came from considering different models or theories for visual cortical function, so it makes sense to begin with theory. There are two poles of thought about theoretical solutions for the problem of orientation selectivity: feedfor ...
... Theories of orientation selectivity The rationale of our experiments came from considering different models or theories for visual cortical function, so it makes sense to begin with theory. There are two poles of thought about theoretical solutions for the problem of orientation selectivity: feedfor ...
Trigeminal, Gustatory, and Visceral Sensory Systems
... the solitary tract and terminate in the rostral portion of the solitary nucleus. Cells in this portion of the solitary nucleus project to VPM of the thalamus via the central tegmental tract. What is the peripheral distribution of taste fibers in cranial nerves VII and IX? General visceral afferents ...
... the solitary tract and terminate in the rostral portion of the solitary nucleus. Cells in this portion of the solitary nucleus project to VPM of the thalamus via the central tegmental tract. What is the peripheral distribution of taste fibers in cranial nerves VII and IX? General visceral afferents ...
Layer III Neurons Control Synchronized Waves in the Immature
... and spatially filtered with a 3 ⫻ 3-pixel Gaussian kernel. The images were further smoothed through a 100 ms window hamming filter. Wide-field images were analyzed using custom-made Matlab routines with the image processing toolbox. Time periods during which the slice did not show activity were manu ...
... and spatially filtered with a 3 ⫻ 3-pixel Gaussian kernel. The images were further smoothed through a 100 ms window hamming filter. Wide-field images were analyzed using custom-made Matlab routines with the image processing toolbox. Time periods during which the slice did not show activity were manu ...
REVIEW
... mucosa suggest that GnRH modulates the activity of cells related to chemoreception. In support of this hypothesis, we have shown using patch clamp recording techniques that GnRH increases sodium conductances in mudpuppy olfactory neurons.26 We hypothesized that this may make these neurons more excit ...
... mucosa suggest that GnRH modulates the activity of cells related to chemoreception. In support of this hypothesis, we have shown using patch clamp recording techniques that GnRH increases sodium conductances in mudpuppy olfactory neurons.26 We hypothesized that this may make these neurons more excit ...
The Location and Function of NMDA Receptors in Cat
... is prevented by infusion of APV into the visual cortex (KleinSchmidt et al., 1987). The effects of visual deprivation on development of the visual cortex are generally specific to the deprivation. Monocular deprivation leads to a decrease in the influence of the deprived eye without changes in orien ...
... is prevented by infusion of APV into the visual cortex (KleinSchmidt et al., 1987). The effects of visual deprivation on development of the visual cortex are generally specific to the deprivation. Monocular deprivation leads to a decrease in the influence of the deprived eye without changes in orien ...
Lights, Camembert, Action! - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissociation between responses may only be present in relation to the receipt but not ...
... and central parts of OFC were engaged during expectation of reward, whereas only medial OFC was engaged following receipt of a rewarding outcome and avoidance of an aversive one. These findings suggest that a clear dissociation between responses may only be present in relation to the receipt but not ...
Inan et al., 2006
... PKARII homozygous knock-out mice of the sixth backcross generation of the incipient C57BL/6-pkar2b⫺/⫺ 98% congenic inbred strain were originally generated by Dr. Stanley McKnight (University of Washington, Seattle, WA) (Brandon et al., 1998) and obtained commercially from Taconic Farms (Germantown, ...
... PKARII homozygous knock-out mice of the sixth backcross generation of the incipient C57BL/6-pkar2b⫺/⫺ 98% congenic inbred strain were originally generated by Dr. Stanley McKnight (University of Washington, Seattle, WA) (Brandon et al., 1998) and obtained commercially from Taconic Farms (Germantown, ...
The effect of spinal cord injury on the neurochemical properties of
... the vagus nerve does not innervate viscera caudal to the transverse colon, numerous ...
... the vagus nerve does not innervate viscera caudal to the transverse colon, numerous ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... spontaneous oscillatory cycle so that activity following the IPSP occurs within a relatively narrow time window (a, 50 superimposed sweeps; b, two representative sweeps, one in black and one in green). (c,d) The inter-spike intervals associated with relatively small IPSPs are of similar duration reg ...
... spontaneous oscillatory cycle so that activity following the IPSP occurs within a relatively narrow time window (a, 50 superimposed sweeps; b, two representative sweeps, one in black and one in green). (c,d) The inter-spike intervals associated with relatively small IPSPs are of similar duration reg ...
Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: voluntary
... down, cognitive-perceptual processing occurs within the accommodative system. ...
... down, cognitive-perceptual processing occurs within the accommodative system. ...
Stress and Glucocorticoids Affect the Expression of Brain
... Because neurotrophic factors are necessary for the normal development, survival, and plasticity of neurons, we reasoned that they too might be relevant to the neuropathological effects of chronic stress. In addition to NGF, several related neurotrophic factors have been recently characterized includ ...
... Because neurotrophic factors are necessary for the normal development, survival, and plasticity of neurons, we reasoned that they too might be relevant to the neuropathological effects of chronic stress. In addition to NGF, several related neurotrophic factors have been recently characterized includ ...
Subgraphs of functional brain networks identify dynamical
... Figure 1: Experimentally modulating cognitive control processes to uncover internal mechanisms of network regulation. (A) To monitor and regulate the demands placed on neural systems, empirical evidence suggests that the brain employs putative cognitive control processes that gate information and se ...
... Figure 1: Experimentally modulating cognitive control processes to uncover internal mechanisms of network regulation. (A) To monitor and regulate the demands placed on neural systems, empirical evidence suggests that the brain employs putative cognitive control processes that gate information and se ...
Dopamine Deficiency in a Genetic Mouse Model of Lesch
... We have examined several aspects of neurotransmitter function in the brains of mice carrying a deletion mutation in the gene encoding the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). During the first 6 weeks of postnatal development, dopamine levels in whole-brain ext ...
... We have examined several aspects of neurotransmitter function in the brains of mice carrying a deletion mutation in the gene encoding the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). During the first 6 weeks of postnatal development, dopamine levels in whole-brain ext ...
The Auditory System
... are tonotopically organized. At birth, humans have about 20,000 inner and outer hair cells in the organ of Corti, which often do not last a lifetime as they do not regenerate when lost (Stone et al. 1998). By the age of 65–75 years, many individuals have a bilateral, high-frequency progressive heari ...
... are tonotopically organized. At birth, humans have about 20,000 inner and outer hair cells in the organ of Corti, which often do not last a lifetime as they do not regenerate when lost (Stone et al. 1998). By the age of 65–75 years, many individuals have a bilateral, high-frequency progressive heari ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... A number of studies have investigated FEF connectivity (reviewed by Leichnetz and Goldberg, 1988). This study departs from previous work in several ways. First. two or three tracers were injected simultaneously in the same animal. The tracers were placed either within functionally distinct areas-pos ...
... A number of studies have investigated FEF connectivity (reviewed by Leichnetz and Goldberg, 1988). This study departs from previous work in several ways. First. two or three tracers were injected simultaneously in the same animal. The tracers were placed either within functionally distinct areas-pos ...
A Hebbian learning rule gives rise to mirror neurons and links them
... function of mirror neurons in communication, imitation learning, cultural learning, and language development (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004; Oztop et al., 2012). Most importantly, mirrored responses have been proposed to be causally related to streams of motor and sensory activity (Oztop et al., 20 ...
... function of mirror neurons in communication, imitation learning, cultural learning, and language development (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004; Oztop et al., 2012). Most importantly, mirrored responses have been proposed to be causally related to streams of motor and sensory activity (Oztop et al., 20 ...
FREE Sample Here
... 7. While some axons are short – only thousandths of an inch long – others can be up to __________ in length. a) one foot b) one meter Correct. Some axons can be long enough to reach from the brain to the very end of the spinal cord. c) six feet d) one mile Incorrect. Though there are some body parts ...
... 7. While some axons are short – only thousandths of an inch long – others can be up to __________ in length. a) one foot b) one meter Correct. Some axons can be long enough to reach from the brain to the very end of the spinal cord. c) six feet d) one mile Incorrect. Though there are some body parts ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.