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Changes in the N1-P2 Complex after Speech
... there is tremendous potential for clinical application. The N1-P2 complex could be used to monitor neurophysiologic changes during speech-sound acquisition after cochlear implantation, hearing aid use, or any other form of auditory learning. More importantly, physiologic correlates of perception cou ...
... there is tremendous potential for clinical application. The N1-P2 complex could be used to monitor neurophysiologic changes during speech-sound acquisition after cochlear implantation, hearing aid use, or any other form of auditory learning. More importantly, physiologic correlates of perception cou ...
Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... number and density of such ‘‘heteronymous’’ connections, whereas other aspects of sensory-motor connectivity are preserved. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic refinement represents one possible mechanism for the changes in connectivity observed after activity blockade. Our findings therefore reveal tha ...
... number and density of such ‘‘heteronymous’’ connections, whereas other aspects of sensory-motor connectivity are preserved. Spike-timing-dependent synaptic refinement represents one possible mechanism for the changes in connectivity observed after activity blockade. Our findings therefore reveal tha ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... In this case, r evolves towards one of two possible stable fixed points (the minima of U), one at r~0 - the DOWN state -, the other at r~1 - the UP state -, depending on the initial condition. This corresponds to a bistable synapse. 2. For intermediate calcium concentrations (c(t)whd ), the synapse ...
... In this case, r evolves towards one of two possible stable fixed points (the minima of U), one at r~0 - the DOWN state -, the other at r~1 - the UP state -, depending on the initial condition. This corresponds to a bistable synapse. 2. For intermediate calcium concentrations (c(t)whd ), the synapse ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... Each dot had a randomly assigned screen duration of 33–1000 ms that maintained uniform dot density across the stimuli. Radial patterns were created by accelerating the dots across screen using a sine ⫻ cosine function of each dot’s angular distance from the radial COM as viewed by the monkey. Averag ...
... Each dot had a randomly assigned screen duration of 33–1000 ms that maintained uniform dot density across the stimuli. Radial patterns were created by accelerating the dots across screen using a sine ⫻ cosine function of each dot’s angular distance from the radial COM as viewed by the monkey. Averag ...
White matter tract alterations in fragile X
... Dawson, 1994; Baumgardner et al., 1995; Turk and Cornish, 1998]. This recognizable cognitive, and behavioral profile associated with fragile X implies extensive involvement of FMRP in multiple brain functions and suggests that the study of individuals with this condition may provide insights into th ...
... Dawson, 1994; Baumgardner et al., 1995; Turk and Cornish, 1998]. This recognizable cognitive, and behavioral profile associated with fragile X implies extensive involvement of FMRP in multiple brain functions and suggests that the study of individuals with this condition may provide insights into th ...
13-01_pptlect
... Control of the autonomic nervous system Control of emotional responses Regulation of body temperature Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations Control of behavior Regulation of sleep-wake cycles Control of the endocrine system Formation of memory ...
... Control of the autonomic nervous system Control of emotional responses Regulation of body temperature Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations Control of behavior Regulation of sleep-wake cycles Control of the endocrine system Formation of memory ...
Visual Stimulation Regulates the Expression of Transcription Factors
... after dark rearingfor all of the conditionsshownin Figure IB. We have conductedthe sameset of controls on tissuefrom animals that were dark-reared only and have obtained identical results. Taken together, these findings attest to the specificity of the EMSA results and allow confident evaluation of ...
... after dark rearingfor all of the conditionsshownin Figure IB. We have conductedthe sameset of controls on tissuefrom animals that were dark-reared only and have obtained identical results. Taken together, these findings attest to the specificity of the EMSA results and allow confident evaluation of ...
Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator
... that are inhibited in the latent phase of scratch. Rubrospinal tract neurons become tonically active during the latent period (Arshavsky et al. 1978c). Some fastigial nuclei (cerebellar) neurons were inhibited during the latent period (Antziferova et al. 1980). Moreover, interpositus nucleus neurons ...
... that are inhibited in the latent phase of scratch. Rubrospinal tract neurons become tonically active during the latent period (Arshavsky et al. 1978c). Some fastigial nuclei (cerebellar) neurons were inhibited during the latent period (Antziferova et al. 1980). Moreover, interpositus nucleus neurons ...
Resting-State Connectivity Predictors of Response to
... subsequent large-scale randomized trial found that behavioral activation was equivalent to paroxetine in reducing symptoms in moderately to severely depressed individuals (Dimidjian et al, 2006). Recently, Lejuez et al (2001) developed a brief BATD. Although sharing many common elements with previou ...
... subsequent large-scale randomized trial found that behavioral activation was equivalent to paroxetine in reducing symptoms in moderately to severely depressed individuals (Dimidjian et al, 2006). Recently, Lejuez et al (2001) developed a brief BATD. Although sharing many common elements with previou ...
Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
... administration, animals were deeply anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium, 100 mg/kg ip) and transcardially perfused with 0.1 M PBS. The brain tissue obtained from experimental and control animals was processed together (at least two animals per batch) for immunostaining. Brain sections were cut at 30 ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... taste and food reward systems operate somewhat differently from those of primates and humans (114–116). In brief, the taste system is different in rodents in that there is a pontine taste area, which then projects subcortically, whereas in primates there is no pontine taste area, and cortical proces ...
... taste and food reward systems operate somewhat differently from those of primates and humans (114–116). In brief, the taste system is different in rodents in that there is a pontine taste area, which then projects subcortically, whereas in primates there is no pontine taste area, and cortical proces ...
BOLD fMRI study of ultrahigh frequency encoding in the
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
... Many vertebrates communicate with ultrahigh frequency (UHF) vocalizations to limit auditory detection by predators. The mechanisms underlying the neural encoding of such UHF sounds may provide important insights for understanding neural processing of other complex sounds (e.g. human speeches). In th ...
ABSTRACT The Auditory Brainstem Response: History and Future
... decisions. One of these senses which is vital to the normal sensory experience is hearing. Auditory signals allow people to orient themselves in the world, to become aware of possible threats, and to communicate with others. The auditory pathway in humans encompasses both peripheral and central stru ...
... decisions. One of these senses which is vital to the normal sensory experience is hearing. Auditory signals allow people to orient themselves in the world, to become aware of possible threats, and to communicate with others. The auditory pathway in humans encompasses both peripheral and central stru ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... amacrine cells (Fremeau et al. 2002). Outside the nervous system the vesicular glutamate transporters can be found in the glutamate-secreting non-neuronal cells of different organs, such as the pineal gland (Morimoto et al. 2003); within islets of Langerhans (Hayashi et al. 2003), in the intestine a ...
... amacrine cells (Fremeau et al. 2002). Outside the nervous system the vesicular glutamate transporters can be found in the glutamate-secreting non-neuronal cells of different organs, such as the pineal gland (Morimoto et al. 2003); within islets of Langerhans (Hayashi et al. 2003), in the intestine a ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat.
... proceed under deep pentobarbital anesthesia. CTAs have been well documented [7,19,22,24,57,126] in terms of their behavioral mechanisms and phenomenological aspects since the pioneering studies by Garcia and ...
... proceed under deep pentobarbital anesthesia. CTAs have been well documented [7,19,22,24,57,126] in terms of their behavioral mechanisms and phenomenological aspects since the pioneering studies by Garcia and ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a change has not been observed following acoustic trauma (Hei ...
... is steeper with outer hair cell damage (Ruggero et al., 1997), it has been suggested that recruitment results from a steepened growth of discharge rate with sound level in auditory nerve fibers (Harrison, 1981; Moore, 1995). However, such a change has not been observed following acoustic trauma (Hei ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992 ...
... Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992 ...
CELL MIGRATION IN THE FOREBRAIN
... Radial migration of neurons generated in cortical progenitor zones follows a series of highly coordinated stages and is thought to involve at least two different modes of cell movement. The first cohort of neurons that migrate out of the cortical VZ constitutes the preplate (reviewed in Allendoerfer ...
... Radial migration of neurons generated in cortical progenitor zones follows a series of highly coordinated stages and is thought to involve at least two different modes of cell movement. The first cohort of neurons that migrate out of the cortical VZ constitutes the preplate (reviewed in Allendoerfer ...
PDF - Kalina Christoff
... understood in broad outline for the widely-‐used substances (Table 2), but the precise details are highly complex, poorly understood, and based almost exclusively on animal models (Nichols, 2004). The most s ...
... understood in broad outline for the widely-‐used substances (Table 2), but the precise details are highly complex, poorly understood, and based almost exclusively on animal models (Nichols, 2004). The most s ...
Sprecher_2011_larval.. - Institute of Neuroinformatics
... including main neuronal elements contributing to LON: larval photoreceptors (lp, red), bn (red); optic lobe pioneers (OLP, blue), PDF neurons (PDF; green), serotonergic neurons (5HT; yellow), OOA (brown). E: Z-projection of a confocal stack (17 μm) showing larval photoreceptor projections. Rh5 and R ...
... including main neuronal elements contributing to LON: larval photoreceptors (lp, red), bn (red); optic lobe pioneers (OLP, blue), PDF neurons (PDF; green), serotonergic neurons (5HT; yellow), OOA (brown). E: Z-projection of a confocal stack (17 μm) showing larval photoreceptor projections. Rh5 and R ...
View Full Page PDF
... in this journal on “theoretical and experimental data pertaining to the nature, origin, synchrony and functional significance of brain waves” (110). Half a century later, the study of cortical rhythms has become an area of converging interests across many disciplines in neuroscience (143, 145). Netw ...
... in this journal on “theoretical and experimental data pertaining to the nature, origin, synchrony and functional significance of brain waves” (110). Half a century later, the study of cortical rhythms has become an area of converging interests across many disciplines in neuroscience (143, 145). Netw ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... Genetic, biochemical, animal, and human studies have shown that the amyloid- (A) peptide plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, increasing evidence indicates that both A-dependent and A-independent mechanisms may contribute to AD. In particular, impaired synaptic ...
... Genetic, biochemical, animal, and human studies have shown that the amyloid- (A) peptide plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, increasing evidence indicates that both A-dependent and A-independent mechanisms may contribute to AD. In particular, impaired synaptic ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ food omission’). If the bird responded to S– (4 cpd in one session, 10 cpd in all others), all houselights were turned off for 5 s, and a clearly audible tone (sawtooth wave at 1000 Hz) was pr ...
... of trials 1–p, the food hopper was illuminated for the same time but the food hopper was not activated (‘S+ food omission’). If the bird responded to S– (4 cpd in one session, 10 cpd in all others), all houselights were turned off for 5 s, and a clearly audible tone (sawtooth wave at 1000 Hz) was pr ...
Responses of single neurons in the human brain during flash
... the two stimuli takes place). It seems unlikely that the phenomenon can be explained as a form of forward masking or light adaptation since the luminance properties of the monocular stimulus do not affect the suppression and given the invariance of the effect to parameter changes (Kreiman and Koch, ...
... the two stimuli takes place). It seems unlikely that the phenomenon can be explained as a form of forward masking or light adaptation since the luminance properties of the monocular stimulus do not affect the suppression and given the invariance of the effect to parameter changes (Kreiman and Koch, ...
Neuroplasticity
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Brain_2.jpg?width=300)
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.