DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... al., 1981; Woodruff et al., 2011). The penumbra is the prime target of stroke therapeutics because it is potentially salvageable after the onset of stroke (Dirnagl et al., 1999). This may be achieved following timely reperfusion within 6-8 hours (Kaufmann et al., 1999). The brain injury and neurolog ...
... al., 1981; Woodruff et al., 2011). The penumbra is the prime target of stroke therapeutics because it is potentially salvageable after the onset of stroke (Dirnagl et al., 1999). This may be achieved following timely reperfusion within 6-8 hours (Kaufmann et al., 1999). The brain injury and neurolog ...
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks
... the activity of many M1 neurons was modulated both by the direction in which the arm was pulled by the external forces and by the direction of movement and the static posture of the arm during unloaded arm movements. Furthermore, the directionality of arm movement– dependent and load-dependent respo ...
... the activity of many M1 neurons was modulated both by the direction in which the arm was pulled by the external forces and by the direction of movement and the static posture of the arm during unloaded arm movements. Furthermore, the directionality of arm movement– dependent and load-dependent respo ...
The continuous performance test: a window on
... limbic system. The involvement of the limbic system as well as the medial and dorsolateral frontal cortex is seen as resulting from their respective inputs into the association areas, which in turn impact on the inferior parietal lobes to inhibit or facilitate attentional response. The posterior par ...
... limbic system. The involvement of the limbic system as well as the medial and dorsolateral frontal cortex is seen as resulting from their respective inputs into the association areas, which in turn impact on the inferior parietal lobes to inhibit or facilitate attentional response. The posterior par ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT
... exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship between neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? ...
... exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship between neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? ...
Sensory Systems in the Control of Movement
... of movement types, amplitudes and velocities, but the problem here was the relatively small database. Until recently, recordings were made with single or small numbers of implanted microelectrodes that only remained viable for a few days, so the yield per animal was low. Therefore, the ensemble affe ...
... of movement types, amplitudes and velocities, but the problem here was the relatively small database. Until recently, recordings were made with single or small numbers of implanted microelectrodes that only remained viable for a few days, so the yield per animal was low. Therefore, the ensemble affe ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... 7. While some axons are short – only thousandths of an inch long – others can be up to __________ in length. a) one foot b) one meter Correct. Some axons can be long enough to reach from the brain to the very end of the spinal cord. c) six feet d) one mile Incorrect. Though there are some body parts ...
... 7. While some axons are short – only thousandths of an inch long – others can be up to __________ in length. a) one foot b) one meter Correct. Some axons can be long enough to reach from the brain to the very end of the spinal cord. c) six feet d) one mile Incorrect. Though there are some body parts ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
... our behaviour. It provides information about the position of different parts of the body with respect to one another. It allows characterisation and localisation of touch, stroking, and pain, and it is important for all motor action involving the body and limbs. Furthermore, tactile exploration info ...
... our behaviour. It provides information about the position of different parts of the body with respect to one another. It allows characterisation and localisation of touch, stroking, and pain, and it is important for all motor action involving the body and limbs. Furthermore, tactile exploration info ...
Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... sham-operated control group (Fig. 5). After 24 h recirculation, a significant increase (< 0.05) in AChE activity was recorded in comparison with the activity at 4 h, but differences between experimental and control groups persisted in all investigated areas. Discussion In this study, Butcher's pharm ...
... sham-operated control group (Fig. 5). After 24 h recirculation, a significant increase (< 0.05) in AChE activity was recorded in comparison with the activity at 4 h, but differences between experimental and control groups persisted in all investigated areas. Discussion In this study, Butcher's pharm ...
Hypothalamus
... (Figure 1b). The most rostral of these is the optic chiasm, formed by the convergence of the two optic nerves. The intermediate portion of the hypothalamus is defined by the pituitary stalk. This structure lies immediately behind the optic chiasm and is one of the most functionally important regions ...
... (Figure 1b). The most rostral of these is the optic chiasm, formed by the convergence of the two optic nerves. The intermediate portion of the hypothalamus is defined by the pituitary stalk. This structure lies immediately behind the optic chiasm and is one of the most functionally important regions ...
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
... exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship between neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? ...
... exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying computations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship between neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... striatum in the gradual improvement in performance after prolonged practice, the neuronal mechanisms underlying the production of automatized motor behaviors in this structure are unclear. An important aspect of the role of the striatum in adaptive motor behavior involves recognition of the contribu ...
... striatum in the gradual improvement in performance after prolonged practice, the neuronal mechanisms underlying the production of automatized motor behaviors in this structure are unclear. An important aspect of the role of the striatum in adaptive motor behavior involves recognition of the contribu ...
Responses to irrational actions in action
... define how the AON and MZN are engaged by simple observation of actions varying in rationality, and whether these responses are modulated by the social form of the stimulus. To make predictions for possible patterns of results, it is useful to consider the three previous studies of observation of irr ...
... define how the AON and MZN are engaged by simple observation of actions varying in rationality, and whether these responses are modulated by the social form of the stimulus. To make predictions for possible patterns of results, it is useful to consider the three previous studies of observation of irr ...
Hippocampus, 22, 1703-1719
... learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, wit ...
... learning-dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium-dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike-frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, wit ...
Response characteristics of neurons in the pulvinar of awake cats to
... 1995). They are thought to be identical with so-called “jerk” neurons that respond, as known from awake cats, with short bursts not only to rapid image shifts while the eyes are stationary but also when saccadic eye movements are executed in the light (Schweigart and Hoffmann 1992). It is not known ...
... 1995). They are thought to be identical with so-called “jerk” neurons that respond, as known from awake cats, with short bursts not only to rapid image shifts while the eyes are stationary but also when saccadic eye movements are executed in the light (Schweigart and Hoffmann 1992). It is not known ...
The Optic Tectum of Birds - Department of Psychology
... Since the seminal studies of Hubel and Wiesel (1968), there has been an enormous amount of work on the visual system in mammals, particularly in primates, which are regarded as having a sophisticated visual system. However, an extensive amount of research into the avian visual system should not be o ...
... Since the seminal studies of Hubel and Wiesel (1968), there has been an enormous amount of work on the visual system in mammals, particularly in primates, which are regarded as having a sophisticated visual system. However, an extensive amount of research into the avian visual system should not be o ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward projections originate from the V1 neurons and terminate on both excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the V2 region. The output weights extending from one V1 neuron take on a Gaussian pattern which is identical for ...
... All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward projections originate from the V1 neurons and terminate on both excitatory and inhibitory neurons within the V2 region. The output weights extending from one V1 neuron take on a Gaussian pattern which is identical for ...
Full-Text PDF
... activate distinct populations of NMDA receptors, even at the same synapses [57]. They can also drive different downstream signaling pathways that lead to unique effects on animal behavior [37,38,48,58,59]. 4. Regulation of Synapse Formation by NMDA Receptors Most studies on the effects of NMDARs on ...
... activate distinct populations of NMDA receptors, even at the same synapses [57]. They can also drive different downstream signaling pathways that lead to unique effects on animal behavior [37,38,48,58,59]. 4. Regulation of Synapse Formation by NMDA Receptors Most studies on the effects of NMDARs on ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... wave/ripple dynamics allow large ensembles of hippocampal neurons to “readdress” and alter the synaptic connectivity of neocortical circuits (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998b). Thus, the sharp wave/ ripple pattern may support an off-line memory consolidation process. Several findings seem to support this ...
... wave/ripple dynamics allow large ensembles of hippocampal neurons to “readdress” and alter the synaptic connectivity of neocortical circuits (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998b). Thus, the sharp wave/ ripple pattern may support an off-line memory consolidation process. Several findings seem to support this ...
Physiological patterns in the hippocampo
... wave/ripple dynamics allow large ensembles of hippocampal neurons to “readdress” and alter the synaptic connectivity of neocortical circuits (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998b). Thus, the sharp wave/ ripple pattern may support an off-line memory consolidation process. Several findings seem to support this ...
... wave/ripple dynamics allow large ensembles of hippocampal neurons to “readdress” and alter the synaptic connectivity of neocortical circuits (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998b). Thus, the sharp wave/ ripple pattern may support an off-line memory consolidation process. Several findings seem to support this ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... times, due to the uncorrelated background input. In an optimal case, this jitter will not build up, resulting in a stationary accuracy which remains in the few-millisecond range. However, it is also possible that the jitter does build up at each stage, causing the syn®re to cease after passing only ...
... times, due to the uncorrelated background input. In an optimal case, this jitter will not build up, resulting in a stationary accuracy which remains in the few-millisecond range. However, it is also possible that the jitter does build up at each stage, causing the syn®re to cease after passing only ...
Age-related changes in processing speed: unique contributions of
... which thousands of voxels are examined in multiple univariate comparisons. Because specific patterns of gray matter covariance have been related spatially to patterns of activation in functional networks (Honey et al., 2007; Bullmore and Sporns, 2009), SBM provides the opportunity to determine the e ...
... which thousands of voxels are examined in multiple univariate comparisons. Because specific patterns of gray matter covariance have been related spatially to patterns of activation in functional networks (Honey et al., 2007; Bullmore and Sporns, 2009), SBM provides the opportunity to determine the e ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... A wealth of literature has provided evidence that reactive tissue at the site of CNS injury is rich in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans which may contribute to the non-permissive nature of the CNS.We have recently demonstrated using a murine model of human brachial plexus injury that the chondroiti ...
... A wealth of literature has provided evidence that reactive tissue at the site of CNS injury is rich in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans which may contribute to the non-permissive nature of the CNS.We have recently demonstrated using a murine model of human brachial plexus injury that the chondroiti ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.