Are there three subdivisions in the primate subthalamic nucleus? Max C. Keuken
... STN for human and nonhuman primates or used cytoarchitectonic studies of the STN for human and nonhuman primates (Foix and Nicolesco, 1925; Kodama, 1928; Whittier and Mettler, 1949; Nauta and Mehler, 1966; Carpenter and Strominger, 1967; Fussenich, 1967; Carpenter et al., 1968, 1981a,b; Petras, 1968 ...
... STN for human and nonhuman primates or used cytoarchitectonic studies of the STN for human and nonhuman primates (Foix and Nicolesco, 1925; Kodama, 1928; Whittier and Mettler, 1949; Nauta and Mehler, 1966; Carpenter and Strominger, 1967; Fussenich, 1967; Carpenter et al., 1968, 1981a,b; Petras, 1968 ...
Reward-Dependent Spatial Selectivity of Anticipatory Activity in
... neurons; we did not record from tonically active neurons (TANs), which are presumed to be interneurons (Aosaki et al. 1994). We examined each neuron by performing one block of ADR and four blocks of 1DR (Fig. 1). We found several types of activity in CD neurons: activity preceding the cue stimulus ( ...
... neurons; we did not record from tonically active neurons (TANs), which are presumed to be interneurons (Aosaki et al. 1994). We examined each neuron by performing one block of ADR and four blocks of 1DR (Fig. 1). We found several types of activity in CD neurons: activity preceding the cue stimulus ( ...
Full text
... product in the cell soma [3]. In addition, secretory activity of NPY-ir perikarya was enhanced by starvation [3] or long-term undernutrition [14] in sheep. In the present work, NPY-containing neurons in IN of the ewe exhibited the enhanced NPY expression during the preovulatory phase of the oestrous ...
... product in the cell soma [3]. In addition, secretory activity of NPY-ir perikarya was enhanced by starvation [3] or long-term undernutrition [14] in sheep. In the present work, NPY-containing neurons in IN of the ewe exhibited the enhanced NPY expression during the preovulatory phase of the oestrous ...
Vision for Prehension in the Medial Parietal Cortex - Gallettilab
... and Goodale 2001; Brown et al. 2005; Graci 2011; Rossit et al. 2013). Interestingly, imaging studies in humans strongly support these data, showing that the human homolog of V6A (Pitzalis et al. 2013) is specialized for processing information in the lower visual field, particularly in the context of ...
... and Goodale 2001; Brown et al. 2005; Graci 2011; Rossit et al. 2013). Interestingly, imaging studies in humans strongly support these data, showing that the human homolog of V6A (Pitzalis et al. 2013) is specialized for processing information in the lower visual field, particularly in the context of ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... a) reflexes, sensory neurons, motor neurons b) sensory neurons, motor neurons, stem cells c) motor neurons, stem cells, reflexes d) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons 4. As she walks out of the living room, Gloria turns out the light. In this example, Gloria’s __________________ is active. ...
... a) reflexes, sensory neurons, motor neurons b) sensory neurons, motor neurons, stem cells c) motor neurons, stem cells, reflexes d) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons 4. As she walks out of the living room, Gloria turns out the light. In this example, Gloria’s __________________ is active. ...
Neuronal Processing of Chemical Information in Crustaceans Chapter 7
... Abstract Most crustaceans live in aquatic environments and chemoreception is their dominant sensory modality. Crustacean chemoreception is mediated by small cuticular sense organs (sensilla) occurring on all body parts, with the antennules (first antennae), second antennae, legs, and mouthparts repr ...
... Abstract Most crustaceans live in aquatic environments and chemoreception is their dominant sensory modality. Crustacean chemoreception is mediated by small cuticular sense organs (sensilla) occurring on all body parts, with the antennules (first antennae), second antennae, legs, and mouthparts repr ...
Spontaneous firing patterns of identified spiny neurons in the rat
... duration was defined as the time required for firing probability to reach the average value of the basal firing level measured graphically from the histogram. Burst strength was taken as the difference between peak and basal firing probability divided by the peak level. This latter measure yields va ...
... duration was defined as the time required for firing probability to reach the average value of the basal firing level measured graphically from the histogram. Burst strength was taken as the difference between peak and basal firing probability divided by the peak level. This latter measure yields va ...
Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates
... caudally, and that neurons modulated by forelimb movement are located in between the rostral and caudal extremes of the DMFC ŽRef. w27x; see Fig. 2B.. Neurons with responses modulated by distal forelimb movement are found anterior to those modulated by proximal forelimb movements. These findings con ...
... caudally, and that neurons modulated by forelimb movement are located in between the rostral and caudal extremes of the DMFC ŽRef. w27x; see Fig. 2B.. Neurons with responses modulated by distal forelimb movement are found anterior to those modulated by proximal forelimb movements. These findings con ...
Spontaneously T1-Hyperintense Lesions of the Brain on MRI: A
... Common locations include the anteroinferior portions of temporal lobes, perisylvian cortex, anteroinferior temporal lobes, and (less commonly) occipital pole. Evidence of parenchymal damage usually should be sought both immediately beneath and directly opposite a skull fracture or scalp injury. Pete ...
... Common locations include the anteroinferior portions of temporal lobes, perisylvian cortex, anteroinferior temporal lobes, and (less commonly) occipital pole. Evidence of parenchymal damage usually should be sought both immediately beneath and directly opposite a skull fracture or scalp injury. Pete ...
Anatomical organization of the eye fields in the human and non
... from the antero-parietal sulcus (Huxley), sulcus precentralis (Ecker), to the anterior extremity of the supero-frontal sulcus. The results of stimulation of these convolutions were always so uniform, that the general result of experimentation in ten monkeys may be stated together. The results were: ...
... from the antero-parietal sulcus (Huxley), sulcus precentralis (Ecker), to the anterior extremity of the supero-frontal sulcus. The results of stimulation of these convolutions were always so uniform, that the general result of experimentation in ten monkeys may be stated together. The results were: ...
Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal
... During all motor tasks, rotation of the steering wheel (car-driving task) or movement of the joystick/manipulandum (in target pursuit) was linearly translated into car/cursor position on the screen (see Fig. 1A, black line). Movement velocity and acceleration were estimated by a 5-point derivative a ...
... During all motor tasks, rotation of the steering wheel (car-driving task) or movement of the joystick/manipulandum (in target pursuit) was linearly translated into car/cursor position on the screen (see Fig. 1A, black line). Movement velocity and acceleration were estimated by a 5-point derivative a ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), and reverses atrophy of BFCNs (7) and spatial memory impairments in aged rats (8–10). A decline in the integrity of the central cholinergic function in aged human brain has been postulated (11) to be responsible for the neuropathological c ...
... ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), and reverses atrophy of BFCNs (7) and spatial memory impairments in aged rats (8–10). A decline in the integrity of the central cholinergic function in aged human brain has been postulated (11) to be responsible for the neuropathological c ...
Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal
... During all motor tasks, rotation of the steering wheel (car-driving task) or movement of the joystick/manipulandum (in target pursuit) was linearly translated into car/cursor position on the screen (see Fig. 1A, black line). Movement velocity and acceleration were estimated by a 5-point derivative a ...
... During all motor tasks, rotation of the steering wheel (car-driving task) or movement of the joystick/manipulandum (in target pursuit) was linearly translated into car/cursor position on the screen (see Fig. 1A, black line). Movement velocity and acceleration were estimated by a 5-point derivative a ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
... evidence in both human and non-human primates that all prefrontal cortices have a role in inhibitory control, albeit within the domain of their specialization (for reviews see Shimamura, 1995; Roberts and Wallis, 2000). The phenomenon of inhibitory control is exemplified at the functional level in th ...
Neurocircuitry of Addiction
... Another conceptualization of the motivational changes associated with addiction is derived from early work on conditioned reinforcement, incentive motivation, behavioral sensitization, and maladaptive stimulus–response learning, all of which are subsumed under the motivational conceptualization of i ...
... Another conceptualization of the motivational changes associated with addiction is derived from early work on conditioned reinforcement, incentive motivation, behavioral sensitization, and maladaptive stimulus–response learning, all of which are subsumed under the motivational conceptualization of i ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... microstimulation (ICMS) has been added to the classical BMI paradigm to allow artificial sensory feedback signals7,8, generated by these brain-controlled actuators, to be delivered back to the subject’s brain simultaneously with the extraction of cortical motor commands9,10. In the present study, we ...
... microstimulation (ICMS) has been added to the classical BMI paradigm to allow artificial sensory feedback signals7,8, generated by these brain-controlled actuators, to be delivered back to the subject’s brain simultaneously with the extraction of cortical motor commands9,10. In the present study, we ...
Rich-club organization in effective connectivity among cortical neurons
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
... were killed after the recording session; and brain tissue was sectioned, immunostained for NeuN, and imaged to verify the silicon prong placement. Signals from all recording sites were simultaneously sampled at 25 kHz. Spike sorting was performed off-line using a semi-automated Matlab script. The da ...
Cross modality matching of brightness and loudness
... Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Cross modality matching is a magnitude matching procedure, developed to study the relationships between sensory modalities. Auditory and visual sensory integration can be examined through cross modality matching of brightness and loudness. ...
... Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Cross modality matching is a magnitude matching procedure, developed to study the relationships between sensory modalities. Auditory and visual sensory integration can be examined through cross modality matching of brightness and loudness. ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... a) reflexes, sensory neurons, motor neurons b) sensory neurons, motor neurons, stem cells c) motor neurons, stem cells, reflexes d) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons 4. As she walks out of the living room, Gloria turns out the light. In this example, Gloria’s __________________ is active. ...
... a) reflexes, sensory neurons, motor neurons b) sensory neurons, motor neurons, stem cells c) motor neurons, stem cells, reflexes d) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons 4. As she walks out of the living room, Gloria turns out the light. In this example, Gloria’s __________________ is active. ...
Unusual ultrastructural findings in dendrites of pyramidal
... oriented tissue fragments from the cerebral cortex were obtained and observed under electron microscope. The most significant ultrastructural findings were located within distal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons: loss of mitochondria, disorganization and loss of microtubules, formation of vacu ...
... oriented tissue fragments from the cerebral cortex were obtained and observed under electron microscope. The most significant ultrastructural findings were located within distal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons: loss of mitochondria, disorganization and loss of microtubules, formation of vacu ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... 4C. The patches in layers 2 and 3 measure about 200 pn across, with a center-to-center spacing of 350-450 pn. Those in 4B have similar center-to-center spacing and are in register with the more superficial patches, although there is an intervening gap in lower 3 and 4A (Figs. 1E-G, 2A). The band of ...
... 4C. The patches in layers 2 and 3 measure about 200 pn across, with a center-to-center spacing of 350-450 pn. Those in 4B have similar center-to-center spacing and are in register with the more superficial patches, although there is an intervening gap in lower 3 and 4A (Figs. 1E-G, 2A). The band of ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... NGF by neighboring reactive astrocytes that occur under pathological conditions may render hippocampal neurons vulnerable to NGF-induced apoptosis. We provide evidence that Ab potently stimulates NGF expression and secretion in astrocytes in concentrations sufficient to stimulate p75-dependent apopto ...
... NGF by neighboring reactive astrocytes that occur under pathological conditions may render hippocampal neurons vulnerable to NGF-induced apoptosis. We provide evidence that Ab potently stimulates NGF expression and secretion in astrocytes in concentrations sufficient to stimulate p75-dependent apopto ...
Pain - mbbsclub.com
... to a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment or dermatome as the structure in which the pain originates. E.g, the arm and heart have the same segmental origin. CONVERGENCE –PROJECTION THEORY: The basis for referred pain may be convergence of somatic and visceral pain fibers on the s ...
... to a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment or dermatome as the structure in which the pain originates. E.g, the arm and heart have the same segmental origin. CONVERGENCE –PROJECTION THEORY: The basis for referred pain may be convergence of somatic and visceral pain fibers on the s ...
Prosjektoppgave - Mirror neurons_ver4.2
... coextensive with the histochemical area F5 (23). The original aim of the experiments was to study the activity the motor neurons in a behavioral setting, where one could distinguish between stimulus associated responses from the activity related movements. The monkey was trained to retrieve objects ...
... coextensive with the histochemical area F5 (23). The original aim of the experiments was to study the activity the motor neurons in a behavioral setting, where one could distinguish between stimulus associated responses from the activity related movements. The monkey was trained to retrieve objects ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.