Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons
... period and their cyclic neuronal firing is driven by rhythmic gene expression [67–69]. It has also been demonstrated that various parameters of synaptic transmission as well as sensitivity of synapses to neuropeptides or electrophysiological stimulation exhibit circadian or diurnal fluctuations. The ...
... period and their cyclic neuronal firing is driven by rhythmic gene expression [67–69]. It has also been demonstrated that various parameters of synaptic transmission as well as sensitivity of synapses to neuropeptides or electrophysiological stimulation exhibit circadian or diurnal fluctuations. The ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... intervals, only the first of which was task relevant. Both intervals lasted 750 msec, with a 375 msec interstimulus interval (Fig. 3). The target stimulus always appeared in the first interval, with pedestal contrast set to 0% in block A and 60% in block B. There were three conditions, which differe ...
... intervals, only the first of which was task relevant. Both intervals lasted 750 msec, with a 375 msec interstimulus interval (Fig. 3). The target stimulus always appeared in the first interval, with pedestal contrast set to 0% in block A and 60% in block B. There were three conditions, which differe ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... neurons. Thus, recruitment of these specific excitatory inputs to VTA DA neurons may be a neural correlate for the learned association between active responding and the reward experience. ...
... neurons. Thus, recruitment of these specific excitatory inputs to VTA DA neurons may be a neural correlate for the learned association between active responding and the reward experience. ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout inf ...
... comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout inf ...
Appetitive associative learning recruits a distinct
... other connected forebrain areas are important for rewardassociated learning and subsequent behaviors. How these structurally and functionally dissociable regions are recruited during initial learning, however, is unclear. Recently, we showed amygdalar nuclei were differentially recruited across differ ...
... other connected forebrain areas are important for rewardassociated learning and subsequent behaviors. How these structurally and functionally dissociable regions are recruited during initial learning, however, is unclear. Recently, we showed amygdalar nuclei were differentially recruited across differ ...
PDF File - Max-Planck
... Figure 1. MARK2 is expressed in the developing brain, and its levels can be effectively reduced in vitro and in vivo. A, B, Bⴕ, In situ hybridization of E14 brain sections shows high expression of MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels i ...
... Figure 1. MARK2 is expressed in the developing brain, and its levels can be effectively reduced in vitro and in vivo. A, B, Bⴕ, In situ hybridization of E14 brain sections shows high expression of MARK2 mRNA in the CP and VZ/SVZ, where NeuN staining is excluded (brown), and lower expression levels i ...
Low Quality
... By inquiring into all that happens in the brain and body during sleep, researchers aim to paint a more complete picture of why people sleep — and why sleep sometimes goes awry, as Science News staff writers Tina Hesman Saey and Laura Sanders report in this special section. Scientists seeking the rea ...
... By inquiring into all that happens in the brain and body during sleep, researchers aim to paint a more complete picture of why people sleep — and why sleep sometimes goes awry, as Science News staff writers Tina Hesman Saey and Laura Sanders report in this special section. Scientists seeking the rea ...
BOOK 1: Nervous system anatomy and function
... One type of monitoring approach is to use a microelectrode -- a small, microscopic probe typically made of glass or metal -- to record the number of action potentials a dopamine neuron generates. This technique is called electrophysiology or monitoring the “electrical functioning” of the neuron. The ...
... One type of monitoring approach is to use a microelectrode -- a small, microscopic probe typically made of glass or metal -- to record the number of action potentials a dopamine neuron generates. This technique is called electrophysiology or monitoring the “electrical functioning” of the neuron. The ...
Feeling others` painful actions: The sensorimotor
... (grasps) and those that do not (withdrawals). Some somatosensory regions should then show increased activation for observed grasps, irrespective of whether the object is painful or not (the main effect of grasps vs. withdrawals). However, if certain somatosensory areas have an integrative role in re ...
... (grasps) and those that do not (withdrawals). Some somatosensory regions should then show increased activation for observed grasps, irrespective of whether the object is painful or not (the main effect of grasps vs. withdrawals). However, if certain somatosensory areas have an integrative role in re ...
Text - Spectrum: Concordia
... The trend of explaining consciousness by applying quantum theories has gained popularity in recent years and, although clearly disdained by many neuroscientists, more and more, researchers have been directing their attention to quantum explanations (Valverde 2016). Brian D. Josephson (1962) of the U ...
... The trend of explaining consciousness by applying quantum theories has gained popularity in recent years and, although clearly disdained by many neuroscientists, more and more, researchers have been directing their attention to quantum explanations (Valverde 2016). Brian D. Josephson (1962) of the U ...
A Neurodynamical cortical model of visual attention and
... suppressing cells representing distracting stimuli (Desimone & Duncan, 1995; Duncan, 1996; Duncan & Humphreys, 1989). In addition, there is consistent evidence for similar mechanisms in human extrastriate cortex at the macroscopic level of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Kastner, De We ...
... suppressing cells representing distracting stimuli (Desimone & Duncan, 1995; Duncan, 1996; Duncan & Humphreys, 1989). In addition, there is consistent evidence for similar mechanisms in human extrastriate cortex at the macroscopic level of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (Kastner, De We ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... behavioral transitions between sensory events in the environment and the temporal requirements of long-term potentiation. Data indicates that long-term potentiation is obtained with relatively brief delays between the pre-synaptic spike and the post-synaptic spike. Optimal delays for induction of lo ...
... behavioral transitions between sensory events in the environment and the temporal requirements of long-term potentiation. Data indicates that long-term potentiation is obtained with relatively brief delays between the pre-synaptic spike and the post-synaptic spike. Optimal delays for induction of lo ...
Comparative analysis of the baseline spike activity of
... of grouped or burst activity and neurons showing monotonic changes in discharge frequency accounted for 19.5% and 10.4% of cells respectively (Fig. 2, III, IV). Neurons with random interspike intervals accounted for only 1.3% of cells (Fig. 2, I). Analysis of histograms of interspike intervals for n ...
... of grouped or burst activity and neurons showing monotonic changes in discharge frequency accounted for 19.5% and 10.4% of cells respectively (Fig. 2, III, IV). Neurons with random interspike intervals accounted for only 1.3% of cells (Fig. 2, I). Analysis of histograms of interspike intervals for n ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
... cortical neurons oscillate between periods of quiescent, hyperpolarized Downstates and active, depolarized Upstates. Downstate membrane potential (V m ) was similar, as was spike threshold (V rest fosGFP+ –62.89 ± 1.94 mV versus fosGFP– –60.59 ± 2.30 mV, n = 7 pairs, p = 0.375; V thresh fosGFP+ – 3 ...
... cortical neurons oscillate between periods of quiescent, hyperpolarized Downstates and active, depolarized Upstates. Downstate membrane potential (V m ) was similar, as was spike threshold (V rest fosGFP+ –62.89 ± 1.94 mV versus fosGFP– –60.59 ± 2.30 mV, n = 7 pairs, p = 0.375; V thresh fosGFP+ – 3 ...
Know Pain in General - Choose your language | Know Pain
... Despite extensive research, the exact cause of pain in fibromyalgia is not clearly understood. Crofford LJ, Clauw DJ. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(5):1136-8; Henriksson KG. J Rehabil Med 2003; 41(Suppl 41):89-94; Staud R. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8(3):208-14; Staud R, Rodriguez ME. Nat Clin Pract Rheuma ...
... Despite extensive research, the exact cause of pain in fibromyalgia is not clearly understood. Crofford LJ, Clauw DJ. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(5):1136-8; Henriksson KG. J Rehabil Med 2003; 41(Suppl 41):89-94; Staud R. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8(3):208-14; Staud R, Rodriguez ME. Nat Clin Pract Rheuma ...
Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal
... of rewards for behavioural reactions and decisions can be assessed from the multiplicative product of magnitude and probability of the future reward (expected reward value). In addition, the delay to the future reward reduces the reward value hyperbolically [8]. However, the simple products of magni ...
... of rewards for behavioural reactions and decisions can be assessed from the multiplicative product of magnitude and probability of the future reward (expected reward value). In addition, the delay to the future reward reduces the reward value hyperbolically [8]. However, the simple products of magni ...
ART 2015 AdvAnced ReTinAl TheRApy
... extract as much diagnostic features as possible, but at the same time identify the key parameters, which impact disease management in an efficient way. This requires a steep and collaborative learning curve to convert a novelty into benefit. In terms of advanced therapy, anti-VEGF substances are abo ...
... extract as much diagnostic features as possible, but at the same time identify the key parameters, which impact disease management in an efficient way. This requires a steep and collaborative learning curve to convert a novelty into benefit. In terms of advanced therapy, anti-VEGF substances are abo ...
An unaware agenda: interictal consciousness
... (i.e. symptoms preceding the ictus), the ictal period (i.e. manifestations during the seizure), and the post-ictal period (i.e. symptoms following the ictus) (Mula and Monaco, 2011). When there is no clear temporal relationship between the abnormal activity and the peri-ictal period, the aforementio ...
... (i.e. symptoms preceding the ictus), the ictal period (i.e. manifestations during the seizure), and the post-ictal period (i.e. symptoms following the ictus) (Mula and Monaco, 2011). When there is no clear temporal relationship between the abnormal activity and the peri-ictal period, the aforementio ...
Open interconnected model of basal ganglia
... symptoms as a result of damage to only one station in one of the circuits. Thus, whereas the closed segregated organization provides a framework whereby damage to different stations of an individual circuit results in selective disturbances of motor, cognitive, or emotional behaviors, the open inter ...
... symptoms as a result of damage to only one station in one of the circuits. Thus, whereas the closed segregated organization provides a framework whereby damage to different stations of an individual circuit results in selective disturbances of motor, cognitive, or emotional behaviors, the open inter ...
How the brain uses time to represent and process visual information
... is defined as the minimum total ‘cost’ to transform one spike train into the other via any sequence of insertions, deletions, and time-shifts of spikes. The cost of moving a spike by an amount of time t is set at qt, and the cost of inserting a spike or deleting it is set at unity. Thus, spike train ...
... is defined as the minimum total ‘cost’ to transform one spike train into the other via any sequence of insertions, deletions, and time-shifts of spikes. The cost of moving a spike by an amount of time t is set at qt, and the cost of inserting a spike or deleting it is set at unity. Thus, spike train ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... AS was also verified in experiments with electronic circuits [13, 14, 15, 16]. The electronic circuits allow for a real-time anticipation of even strongly irregular signals. It was found that synchronization of the driven circuit with chaotic future states of the driving circuit is insensitive to si ...
... AS was also verified in experiments with electronic circuits [13, 14, 15, 16]. The electronic circuits allow for a real-time anticipation of even strongly irregular signals. It was found that synchronization of the driven circuit with chaotic future states of the driving circuit is insensitive to si ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... Anterograde label in the HRP-WGA or autoradiographic experiments was examined microscopically from coronal sections under dark-field illumination. The density of anterograde grain was initially evaluated on a scale of 1–6, with ratings of 1 and 2 assigned for light, 3 and 4 for moderate, and 5 and 6 ...
... Anterograde label in the HRP-WGA or autoradiographic experiments was examined microscopically from coronal sections under dark-field illumination. The density of anterograde grain was initially evaluated on a scale of 1–6, with ratings of 1 and 2 assigned for light, 3 and 4 for moderate, and 5 and 6 ...
Drives and emotions: the hypothalamus and limbic system
... Figure 23-2 Overview of the pivotal role of the hypothalamus in drive-related activities. The hypothalamus can affect autonomic motor neurons both directly and through visceral motor programs in the brainstem and spinal cord, and it can influence visceral structures through its control over the pit ...
... Figure 23-2 Overview of the pivotal role of the hypothalamus in drive-related activities. The hypothalamus can affect autonomic motor neurons both directly and through visceral motor programs in the brainstem and spinal cord, and it can influence visceral structures through its control over the pit ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... NoGo trials. A trial was aborted and followed by a newly selected trial if monkeys failed to maintain eye position within a specified window. Trials of different types and in different directions were presented in a random order within a block. The saccade target was presented either 12° left or righ ...
... NoGo trials. A trial was aborted and followed by a newly selected trial if monkeys failed to maintain eye position within a specified window. Trials of different types and in different directions were presented in a random order within a block. The saccade target was presented either 12° left or righ ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... hemifield. The relative activity levels increase with increasing target eccentricity, both during the sensory period and during the motor period, For the most eccentric targets (.30u), auditory motor-related activity could exceed that observed for visual targets (y values greater than 100). ...
... hemifield. The relative activity levels increase with increasing target eccentricity, both during the sensory period and during the motor period, For the most eccentric targets (.30u), auditory motor-related activity could exceed that observed for visual targets (y values greater than 100). ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.