Cartesian spatial coordinates Computing reaching dynamics in
... Lukashin et al. 1996; Sanger 1996) or from neurons that encode intrinsic joint angular velocity (Mussa-Ivaldi 1988). The preferred directions (PDs) of motor cortical neurons exhibited a shoulder-centered reference frame when a few parts of the workspace were examined (Caminiti et al. 1990). In a mor ...
... Lukashin et al. 1996; Sanger 1996) or from neurons that encode intrinsic joint angular velocity (Mussa-Ivaldi 1988). The preferred directions (PDs) of motor cortical neurons exhibited a shoulder-centered reference frame when a few parts of the workspace were examined (Caminiti et al. 1990). In a mor ...
A Model of Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms for Goal-directed Behavior Michael E. Hasselmo Abstract
... spreads over connections Wg from the goR population in the ‘‘Reward’’ minicolumn to the input population gi in the ‘‘East’’ state minicolumn. These connections were strengthened during previous exploration of the environment (as described in the Methods section below), allowing units in go to activa ...
... spreads over connections Wg from the goR population in the ‘‘Reward’’ minicolumn to the input population gi in the ‘‘East’’ state minicolumn. These connections were strengthened during previous exploration of the environment (as described in the Methods section below), allowing units in go to activa ...
Dopamine
... flow (29). It is proposed that this subicular-driven DA release may be involved in the modulation of investigatory response to novel and conditioned stimuli (45). Stimulation of the PFC also appears to result in impulse-dependent DA release in the striatum (28). On the other hand, there is evidence ...
... flow (29). It is proposed that this subicular-driven DA release may be involved in the modulation of investigatory response to novel and conditioned stimuli (45). Stimulation of the PFC also appears to result in impulse-dependent DA release in the striatum (28). On the other hand, there is evidence ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... were tested: activity type, timing of activity, excitation/inhibition, call-pattern correlation, call specificity, and pre-vocal onset time. Statistical analyses were performed for the syllable pre-onset times by a univariate variance analysis (general linear model) comparing general Figure 2. Front ...
... were tested: activity type, timing of activity, excitation/inhibition, call-pattern correlation, call specificity, and pre-vocal onset time. Statistical analyses were performed for the syllable pre-onset times by a univariate variance analysis (general linear model) comparing general Figure 2. Front ...
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and
... however, if the AIC/IFG and the ACC are regarded as complementary limbic sensory and motor regions, respectively (see Box 1), then this response profile would also be consistent with the interpretation that target awareness is engendered in the AIC/IFG and control of directed effort in the ACC. In ...
... however, if the AIC/IFG and the ACC are regarded as complementary limbic sensory and motor regions, respectively (see Box 1), then this response profile would also be consistent with the interpretation that target awareness is engendered in the AIC/IFG and control of directed effort in the ACC. In ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... observations). The rostrally located NOS-positive neurons (at levels of rostral half of the facial nucleus) are dispersed and not easily distinguished from other neurons in Nisslstained sections. The caudally located neurons can be identified in Nissl sections, but the neurons are continuous with ot ...
... observations). The rostrally located NOS-positive neurons (at levels of rostral half of the facial nucleus) are dispersed and not easily distinguished from other neurons in Nisslstained sections. The caudally located neurons can be identified in Nissl sections, but the neurons are continuous with ot ...
Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... inputs. An example to illustrate the last point is that many basal ganglia neurons and circuits autonomously produce oscillatory firing patterns due to intrinsic membrane properties. Furthermore, the simple models do not take into account more recent anatomical findings, such as the influence of thalam ...
... inputs. An example to illustrate the last point is that many basal ganglia neurons and circuits autonomously produce oscillatory firing patterns due to intrinsic membrane properties. Furthermore, the simple models do not take into account more recent anatomical findings, such as the influence of thalam ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... Using this protocol, 67 well-separated forebrain cholinergic neurons were imaged and 12 of these neurons–8 from P12 brains and 4 from P30 brains–were traced (Figures 2, 3, 4B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Among the traced arbors, nine were in the cortex, two were in the hippocampus, and one was in ...
... Using this protocol, 67 well-separated forebrain cholinergic neurons were imaged and 12 of these neurons–8 from P12 brains and 4 from P30 brains–were traced (Figures 2, 3, 4B, Figure 2—figure supplement 1). Among the traced arbors, nine were in the cortex, two were in the hippocampus, and one was in ...
Cell type-specific activation of p38 MAPK in the brain regions of
... The phosphorylation and protein expression levels of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot as reported previously (Long et al., 2006; Niu et al., 2005). Briefly, 50 mg of protein from the whole tissue homogenate of each sample was loaded in 10% SDS–PAGE gel. Then, the proteins were transferred onto ...
... The phosphorylation and protein expression levels of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blot as reported previously (Long et al., 2006; Niu et al., 2005). Briefly, 50 mg of protein from the whole tissue homogenate of each sample was loaded in 10% SDS–PAGE gel. Then, the proteins were transferred onto ...
Brain Research, 178 (1979) 363-380 363 © Elsevier/North
... however, multi-units were never studied closer than 200 ffM apart. In some animals penetrations were widely spaced throughout the inferior temporal region. In other animals penetrations were closely spaced, sometimes every millimeter, to detect any small-scale organization and particularly to study ...
... however, multi-units were never studied closer than 200 ffM apart. In some animals penetrations were widely spaced throughout the inferior temporal region. In other animals penetrations were closely spaced, sometimes every millimeter, to detect any small-scale organization and particularly to study ...
... A descriptive model is presented that elaborates on the goal-directed process of cognition by showing how dopaminergic activity identifies and integrates information about environmental predictors around “best expectations” until those expectations fail to appropriately predict successful solutions, ...
Full-Text PDF
... However, the bristles along the wing margin are mechanical sensors monitoring airborne vibrations caused by the wingbeat, which suggests that the bristles along the wing margin have different roles (i.e., the detectors of wingbeat frequency) from that of known proprioceptors such as the stretch rece ...
... However, the bristles along the wing margin are mechanical sensors monitoring airborne vibrations caused by the wingbeat, which suggests that the bristles along the wing margin have different roles (i.e., the detectors of wingbeat frequency) from that of known proprioceptors such as the stretch rece ...
Orientation Preference Patterns in Mammalian Visual Cortex: A Wire
... the fact that each individual neuron is well tuned for orientation. The situation in rat V1 raises a question about the relation between the tuning of neuronal response and the tuning of the connection function. Although they are related, these two tunings do not have to coincide. This is because co ...
... the fact that each individual neuron is well tuned for orientation. The situation in rat V1 raises a question about the relation between the tuning of neuronal response and the tuning of the connection function. Although they are related, these two tunings do not have to coincide. This is because co ...
Neurophysiologic markers in laryngeal muscles indicate functional
... the laryngeal muscles (Corballis, 2003). The direct functional connectivity of M1 for laryngeal muscles was demonstrated in our studies (Deletis et al., 2008, 2009, 2011; Espadaler et al. 2012). In these studies, we have developed methodologies for stimulating M1 for laryngeal muscles and recording ...
... the laryngeal muscles (Corballis, 2003). The direct functional connectivity of M1 for laryngeal muscles was demonstrated in our studies (Deletis et al., 2008, 2009, 2011; Espadaler et al. 2012). In these studies, we have developed methodologies for stimulating M1 for laryngeal muscles and recording ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... this energy comes from the food that we eat on a daily basis. To expend energy requires that the system store energy to be able to release it. Just as a flashlight requires stored energy, in the form of a battery, the neuron must store energy to be able to function. Energy that is stored, that is, a ...
... this energy comes from the food that we eat on a daily basis. To expend energy requires that the system store energy to be able to release it. Just as a flashlight requires stored energy, in the form of a battery, the neuron must store energy to be able to function. Energy that is stored, that is, a ...
Lecture notes Neural Computation
... Introduction: Principles of Neural Computation The brain is a complex computing machine which is evolving to give the “fittest” output to a given input. Neural computation has as goal to describe the function of the nervous system in mathematical terms. By analysing or simulating the resulting equat ...
... Introduction: Principles of Neural Computation The brain is a complex computing machine which is evolving to give the “fittest” output to a given input. Neural computation has as goal to describe the function of the nervous system in mathematical terms. By analysing or simulating the resulting equat ...
Shamanism in Cross-Cultural Perspective
... The selection for the role of the shaman was generally open to all, but largely found among descendants of shamans who received their powers from the spirit allies of their ancestors. Shamans were most typically men, but, in most cultures, women could also practice shamanism in pre- and post-reprodu ...
... The selection for the role of the shaman was generally open to all, but largely found among descendants of shamans who received their powers from the spirit allies of their ancestors. Shamans were most typically men, but, in most cultures, women could also practice shamanism in pre- and post-reprodu ...
PDF
... horizontal organization of the neocortex, it should be noted that the neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas (Rakic, 1988; Rash and Grove, 2006; O’Leary and Sahara, 2008). The emergence of laminar-dependent patterns of functional neocortic ...
... horizontal organization of the neocortex, it should be noted that the neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct areas (Rakic, 1988; Rash and Grove, 2006; O’Leary and Sahara, 2008). The emergence of laminar-dependent patterns of functional neocortic ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... changed from one block of trials to the next. The activity of 9% of the neurons recorded in the auditory cortex was found to differ not only according to the stimulus type but also the stimulus-response (S-R) mapping rule. Vaadia et al.'s study is more closely related to reversal learning than to SR ...
... changed from one block of trials to the next. The activity of 9% of the neurons recorded in the auditory cortex was found to differ not only according to the stimulus type but also the stimulus-response (S-R) mapping rule. Vaadia et al.'s study is more closely related to reversal learning than to SR ...
Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... compared with the whisking state (Castro-Alamancos 2004; Fanselow and Nicolelis 1999; Moore 2004; Moore et al. 1999; Nicolelis and Fanselow 2002). These authors proposed that greater response magnitudes during the quiet state could perform a gross “detection” function, whereas relatively less spike ...
... compared with the whisking state (Castro-Alamancos 2004; Fanselow and Nicolelis 1999; Moore 2004; Moore et al. 1999; Nicolelis and Fanselow 2002). These authors proposed that greater response magnitudes during the quiet state could perform a gross “detection” function, whereas relatively less spike ...
Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective
... these studies, abdominal, oropharyngeal, and esophageal muscles were active during cough or swallow. Although both of these studies found neuronal activation in some common brain stem regions, certain regions showed neuronal activity during swallowing but not during coughing and vice versa. For exam ...
... these studies, abdominal, oropharyngeal, and esophageal muscles were active during cough or swallow. Although both of these studies found neuronal activation in some common brain stem regions, certain regions showed neuronal activity during swallowing but not during coughing and vice versa. For exam ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... have termed a sigh (see below). Sighs were stereotyped, and therefore the incidence of sighs was compared before and after drug or saline microinjection. Animals without sighs (n ⫽ 4) and animals whose sighs occurred outside the time scope of our analysis (n ⫽ 6; within 30 min of injection) were omi ...
... have termed a sigh (see below). Sighs were stereotyped, and therefore the incidence of sighs was compared before and after drug or saline microinjection. Animals without sighs (n ⫽ 4) and animals whose sighs occurred outside the time scope of our analysis (n ⫽ 6; within 30 min of injection) were omi ...
Neural networks underlying parietal lobe seizures: A
... parietal lobule and the parietal operculum (Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008). We have limited the definition of PL seizures to seizures originating from the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), as previously proposed (Salanova et al., 1995). We have also included seizures from the parietal operculum. The PPC co ...
... parietal lobule and the parietal operculum (Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008). We have limited the definition of PL seizures to seizures originating from the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), as previously proposed (Salanova et al., 1995). We have also included seizures from the parietal operculum. The PPC co ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... determines the diet offering the greatest net energetic return and thus maximizing evolutionary success. One prediction of this model is that the greater the abundance of higher quality foods, the less an animal’s diet will consist of lower quality foods (the so-called ‘independence of inclusion fro ...
... determines the diet offering the greatest net energetic return and thus maximizing evolutionary success. One prediction of this model is that the greater the abundance of higher quality foods, the less an animal’s diet will consist of lower quality foods (the so-called ‘independence of inclusion fro ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Jessica A. Filosa, Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, CA 2092, Augusta, GA 30912. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
... Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Jessica A. Filosa, Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, CA 2092, Augusta, GA 30912. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.