Effects of Repeated Administration of 3,4
... 3 s) was immediately delivered to the grid floor of the dark room. After 20 s, the rat was removed from the apparatus and placed temporarily into its home cage. Two minutes later, the animal was retested in the same way as in the previous trials; if the rat did not enter the dark compartment during ...
... 3 s) was immediately delivered to the grid floor of the dark room. After 20 s, the rat was removed from the apparatus and placed temporarily into its home cage. Two minutes later, the animal was retested in the same way as in the previous trials; if the rat did not enter the dark compartment during ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... for action observation. Therefore, a close inspection of the results presented in this study does not seem to support ‘mirror’ properties within the human brain. Grezes, Armony, Rowe, and Passingham (2003) conducted an fMRI study specifically designed to test ‘mirror’ activity within the human brain. ...
... for action observation. Therefore, a close inspection of the results presented in this study does not seem to support ‘mirror’ properties within the human brain. Grezes, Armony, Rowe, and Passingham (2003) conducted an fMRI study specifically designed to test ‘mirror’ activity within the human brain. ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking
... between tastants [i.e., the coefficients of the model that corresponded to reinforcement and to the tastants were required to be significant (all values of p ⬍ 0.05)]. To test the ability of the model to fit the data accurately, a 90% predictive interval was constructed around each of the fitted val ...
... between tastants [i.e., the coefficients of the model that corresponded to reinforcement and to the tastants were required to be significant (all values of p ⬍ 0.05)]. To test the ability of the model to fit the data accurately, a 90% predictive interval was constructed around each of the fitted val ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
... between tastants [i.e., the coefficients of the model that corresponded to reinforcement and to the tastants were required to be significant (all values of p ' 0.05)]. To test the ability of the model to fit the data accurately, a 90% predictive interval was constructed around each of the fitted val ...
... between tastants [i.e., the coefficients of the model that corresponded to reinforcement and to the tastants were required to be significant (all values of p ' 0.05)]. To test the ability of the model to fit the data accurately, a 90% predictive interval was constructed around each of the fitted val ...
The Ventral Striatopallidum and Extended Amygdala in
... and HD. In recent years scientists discussed the role of the amygdala in terms of addiction, loss of control in limiting drug intake as well as dysphoria and anxiety after drug abuse. Therefore, they often focused on the central amygdaloid nucleus, as it has a key function in reinforcing actions of ...
... and HD. In recent years scientists discussed the role of the amygdala in terms of addiction, loss of control in limiting drug intake as well as dysphoria and anxiety after drug abuse. Therefore, they often focused on the central amygdaloid nucleus, as it has a key function in reinforcing actions of ...
Anatomic Studies on the Superior Colliculus
... visual field map in that it is always found anteriorly, but its posterior extent varies between and within animal groups. It is less extensive, for example, in albino than pigmented animals as well as in Siamese compared with regular cats, in which in addition the terminal zone appears restricted to ...
... visual field map in that it is always found anteriorly, but its posterior extent varies between and within animal groups. It is less extensive, for example, in albino than pigmented animals as well as in Siamese compared with regular cats, in which in addition the terminal zone appears restricted to ...
Medullary control of nociceptive transmission
... NK1 receptors: receptors for ligation of substance P, one of the main neurotransmitters released by primary afferent nociceptive fibers in the spinal dorsal horn. NMDA receptors: subtype of Glutamate receptors involved in synaptic potentiation at several neural pathways, including the pain system. T ...
... NK1 receptors: receptors for ligation of substance P, one of the main neurotransmitters released by primary afferent nociceptive fibers in the spinal dorsal horn. NMDA receptors: subtype of Glutamate receptors involved in synaptic potentiation at several neural pathways, including the pain system. T ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... in mammals. In primates, visual cortex has been delineated into more than 30 distinct areas based on their anatomical and functional properties [1,2]. Research into visual cortical function reveals fundamental mechanisms underlying perceptual experience and also has the potential to improve our trea ...
... in mammals. In primates, visual cortex has been delineated into more than 30 distinct areas based on their anatomical and functional properties [1,2]. Research into visual cortical function reveals fundamental mechanisms underlying perceptual experience and also has the potential to improve our trea ...
Contextual modulation and stimulus selectivity in extrastriate cortex
... Visual information is rarely found in isolation. A typical scene contains many objects, each of which can be defined by its own combination of visual features. Many of these features, such as orientation and spatial frequency, are extracted by dedicated mechanisms in the early visual system. These ci ...
... Visual information is rarely found in isolation. A typical scene contains many objects, each of which can be defined by its own combination of visual features. Many of these features, such as orientation and spatial frequency, are extracted by dedicated mechanisms in the early visual system. These ci ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... of overlapping phases, including axon outgrowth, pathway selection, target selection and an extended period of synapse formation [36]. These events can occur in the absence of neural activity [90], but work over the last four decades has shown that activity has a profound effect on the subsequent ed ...
... of overlapping phases, including axon outgrowth, pathway selection, target selection and an extended period of synapse formation [36]. These events can occur in the absence of neural activity [90], but work over the last four decades has shown that activity has a profound effect on the subsequent ed ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... is, indeed, fundamental for the hypothesis that these neurons play a role in understanding the goal of motor acts. However, already in the early studies, some subcategories of mirror neurons, based on their specific visual properties, were identified. These subcategories included neurons showing sel ...
... is, indeed, fundamental for the hypothesis that these neurons play a role in understanding the goal of motor acts. However, already in the early studies, some subcategories of mirror neurons, based on their specific visual properties, were identified. These subcategories included neurons showing sel ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... derived from neural stem cells, whereas microglia originate from the immune system4. In the peripheral nervous system, there are two classes of Schwann cell (myelinating and non-myelinating), which functionally and antigenically resemble the glia of the CNS5. Glia are vital for the survival and func ...
... derived from neural stem cells, whereas microglia originate from the immune system4. In the peripheral nervous system, there are two classes of Schwann cell (myelinating and non-myelinating), which functionally and antigenically resemble the glia of the CNS5. Glia are vital for the survival and func ...
Proprioceptive Eye Position Signals Are Still Missing a Sensory
... tracing and molecular analysis techniques to clarify motor and sensory features of palisade endings and axons giving rise to them. They confirmed that, like motoneurons, axons supplying palisade endings, as well as palisade endings themselves, are choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive. As a contr ...
... tracing and molecular analysis techniques to clarify motor and sensory features of palisade endings and axons giving rise to them. They confirmed that, like motoneurons, axons supplying palisade endings, as well as palisade endings themselves, are choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive. As a contr ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... The feedforward established response property of visual neurons is not fixed. It can be modified by factors such as experience and learning, or, more importantly, by the spatial and temporal context in which a stimulus is presented. The latter strongly influences the stimulus evoked response of a ce ...
... The feedforward established response property of visual neurons is not fixed. It can be modified by factors such as experience and learning, or, more importantly, by the spatial and temporal context in which a stimulus is presented. The latter strongly influences the stimulus evoked response of a ce ...
The role of mirror neurons in speech perception and
... subset of apraxic patients also have pantomime recognition deficits (Heilman, Rothi, & Valenstein, 1982), which has been taken as evidence for overlap in the neural systems supporting action execution and action understanding (Gallese et al., 1996). Some studies of apraxic patients have linked actio ...
... subset of apraxic patients also have pantomime recognition deficits (Heilman, Rothi, & Valenstein, 1982), which has been taken as evidence for overlap in the neural systems supporting action execution and action understanding (Gallese et al., 1996). Some studies of apraxic patients have linked actio ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are exposed to more complex stimuli, integration of sensory ...
... stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are exposed to more complex stimuli, integration of sensory ...
Material and methods - HAL
... A single administration of methamphetamine markedly increases tele-methylhistamine (t-MeHA) levels, an index of histamine neuron activity, in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hypothalamus [1], a response resulting from the stimulation of histaminergic neurons by endogenous dopamine activating selec ...
... A single administration of methamphetamine markedly increases tele-methylhistamine (t-MeHA) levels, an index of histamine neuron activity, in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hypothalamus [1], a response resulting from the stimulation of histaminergic neurons by endogenous dopamine activating selec ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... to movement of joints or to stimulation of deep receptors. Most of the input to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN: cuneate and gracilis), especially to their middle regions, is from primary afferent fibers carrying low-threshold, unimodal information from the skin18 and conserve the somatotopic organiza ...
... to movement of joints or to stimulation of deep receptors. Most of the input to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN: cuneate and gracilis), especially to their middle regions, is from primary afferent fibers carrying low-threshold, unimodal information from the skin18 and conserve the somatotopic organiza ...
Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... discharge is modulated weakly by passive mobilization of the limb but strongly by active movements (Mountcastle et al., 1975; Kalaska et al., 1983; Burbaud et al., 1991). When the activities of area 5 neurons are analyzed according to the scheme of vector coding of movement direction, they appear to ...
... discharge is modulated weakly by passive mobilization of the limb but strongly by active movements (Mountcastle et al., 1975; Kalaska et al., 1983; Burbaud et al., 1991). When the activities of area 5 neurons are analyzed according to the scheme of vector coding of movement direction, they appear to ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... Basal ganglia disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes with a common anatomic locus within the basal ganglia. To account for the variety of clinical manifestations associated with insults to various parts of the basal ganglia we propose a mode/in which specific types of basal gangli ...
... Basal ganglia disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes with a common anatomic locus within the basal ganglia. To account for the variety of clinical manifestations associated with insults to various parts of the basal ganglia we propose a mode/in which specific types of basal gangli ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... adapts its behavior on the basis of a dopaminergic signal dynamically generated by the network itself. We develop the model following a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches. These terms can be interpreted in several different ways; see [35] for an analysis. Our interpretation is as follo ...
... adapts its behavior on the basis of a dopaminergic signal dynamically generated by the network itself. We develop the model following a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches. These terms can be interpreted in several different ways; see [35] for an analysis. Our interpretation is as follo ...
Deshpande_Gopikrishna_200708_phd
... default mode network, particularly the frontal areas, in mediating anesthesia-induced neural effects. In addition, ILC is shown to be higher in the default mode network at rest which decreases significantly during a task. Finally, the linear ILC approach is complemented by the nonlinear approach and ...
... default mode network, particularly the frontal areas, in mediating anesthesia-induced neural effects. In addition, ILC is shown to be higher in the default mode network at rest which decreases significantly during a task. Finally, the linear ILC approach is complemented by the nonlinear approach and ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
... testosterone results in permanent anovulatory sterility. Evidence from a variety of experimental approaches indicates that sex steroids act at the level of the preoptic region during postnatal life to organize the neural pathways controlling preovulatory gonadotropin secretion. The AVPV is a likely ...
... testosterone results in permanent anovulatory sterility. Evidence from a variety of experimental approaches indicates that sex steroids act at the level of the preoptic region during postnatal life to organize the neural pathways controlling preovulatory gonadotropin secretion. The AVPV is a likely ...
DNA Microarrays in Brain Research
... Research Project: Layer-specific cortical gene expression Current Position: Senior Research Principal, U of Pittsburgh Role in training: Major advisor Name: Krassimira Garbett Training period: 09/2006 - ongoing Degree: Ph.D. Institution: Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Research Project: Gene expre ...
... Research Project: Layer-specific cortical gene expression Current Position: Senior Research Principal, U of Pittsburgh Role in training: Major advisor Name: Krassimira Garbett Training period: 09/2006 - ongoing Degree: Ph.D. Institution: Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Research Project: Gene expre ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.