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fMRI sample and movement - Open Research Exeter
... remission which was defined as the absence of any significant symptom for two weeks or longer. Full remission was defined as the absence of any clinically significant depressive symptoms (i.e., a score of three on any KSADS-PL MDD item was exclusionary, whereas a two - indicative of a subthreshold s ...
... remission which was defined as the absence of any significant symptom for two weeks or longer. Full remission was defined as the absence of any clinically significant depressive symptoms (i.e., a score of three on any KSADS-PL MDD item was exclusionary, whereas a two - indicative of a subthreshold s ...
Pre-synaptic Terminal Dynamics in the Hippocampus
... structural MRI scans. Significant differences in grey matter volume between the two groups were found only in the hippocampus, with the posterior hippocampus being larger on both sides in taxi drivers and anterior hippocampus being smaller. Moreover the increase in right posterior hippocampus correl ...
... structural MRI scans. Significant differences in grey matter volume between the two groups were found only in the hippocampus, with the posterior hippocampus being larger on both sides in taxi drivers and anterior hippocampus being smaller. Moreover the increase in right posterior hippocampus correl ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... and nociceptive US converge on single neurons in LA, providing a substrate through which the US might modify processing of the CS. These commonly employed four criteria are not at issue. They are accepted for the purpose of comparing the AL and the MGm/PIN in auditory fear conditioning. For example, ...
... and nociceptive US converge on single neurons in LA, providing a substrate through which the US might modify processing of the CS. These commonly employed four criteria are not at issue. They are accepted for the purpose of comparing the AL and the MGm/PIN in auditory fear conditioning. For example, ...
5655.full - Journal of Neuroscience
... inherently emotional. However, the brain can also create emotions on the basis of mental representation of bodily changes (described as “Core affect”) and representations of prior experiences (termed “Conceptualization”; for a review, see Lindquist et al., 2012). A core affect is elicited by emotion ...
... inherently emotional. However, the brain can also create emotions on the basis of mental representation of bodily changes (described as “Core affect”) and representations of prior experiences (termed “Conceptualization”; for a review, see Lindquist et al., 2012). A core affect is elicited by emotion ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
... experimentally measured time constant of DA uptake in striatum (around 0.1 s, Wightman and Zimmerman 1990; Garris et al. 1994) but smaller than that in the prefrontal cortex (seconds, see Cass and Gerhardt 1995). We take tonic source of DA to be DA(t) = 0.01 lM/s so that the baseline (tonic) concent ...
... experimentally measured time constant of DA uptake in striatum (around 0.1 s, Wightman and Zimmerman 1990; Garris et al. 1994) but smaller than that in the prefrontal cortex (seconds, see Cass and Gerhardt 1995). We take tonic source of DA to be DA(t) = 0.01 lM/s so that the baseline (tonic) concent ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... the cellular mechanism to explain learning and memory formation. While LTP has been described at many synapses in different brain regions, it has been studied most intensively at glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian hippocampus. However, linking changes in synapse transmission of the hippocampus ...
... the cellular mechanism to explain learning and memory formation. While LTP has been described at many synapses in different brain regions, it has been studied most intensively at glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian hippocampus. However, linking changes in synapse transmission of the hippocampus ...
Irregular persistent activity induced by synaptic excitatory feedback
... Most models of working memory in recurrent neuronal circuits (reviewed in Brunel, 2004) generate persistent activity due to excitatory feedback loops in such circuits. These models are able to account for the firing rates observed in such tasks (Amit and Brunel, 1997; Brunel, 2000; Brunel and Wang, 2 ...
... Most models of working memory in recurrent neuronal circuits (reviewed in Brunel, 2004) generate persistent activity due to excitatory feedback loops in such circuits. These models are able to account for the firing rates observed in such tasks (Amit and Brunel, 1997; Brunel, 2000; Brunel and Wang, 2 ...
Self-Organizing Feature Maps with Lateral Connections: Modeling
... the cortex, and thereby help form dynamic representations of coherent input areas [16]; (3) by learning correlations in input during development, they can potentially form long-term representations of input regularities such as gestalt rules [19]; and (4) by combining such representations with input ...
... the cortex, and thereby help form dynamic representations of coherent input areas [16]; (3) by learning correlations in input during development, they can potentially form long-term representations of input regularities such as gestalt rules [19]; and (4) by combining such representations with input ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... became evident from studies on learning and memory carried out after the second half of the last century. Studies involving patients who became amnesic after lesion to the medial temporal lobe (such as patient H.M.) have shown that these patients conserved some learning and memory abilities later na ...
... became evident from studies on learning and memory carried out after the second half of the last century. Studies involving patients who became amnesic after lesion to the medial temporal lobe (such as patient H.M.) have shown that these patients conserved some learning and memory abilities later na ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG artifact were rejected. The occasional influence of a respiration artifac ...
... running Spike2 acquisition and analysis software (version 4; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Data from the recording session were first scrutinized for ECG and respiration artifacts. LFP data contaminated with ECG artifact were rejected. The occasional influence of a respiration artifac ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... its name from the Greek word meaning "rainbow." In Greek mythology, the goddess of the rainbow is named Iris. ...
... its name from the Greek word meaning "rainbow." In Greek mythology, the goddess of the rainbow is named Iris. ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... In principle, the visual system could adjust to recent sensory input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered r ...
... In principle, the visual system could adjust to recent sensory input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered r ...
ACETYLOCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE NUCLEI OF THE
... to our results found in the amygdaloid complex of the rat. These results seem to confirm the data from the literature (Gerebtzoff 1959, Koelle 1963, Silver 1967) that except for the cerebellum there js generally a great similarity of AChE activity in homologous structures oi the brain in various spe ...
... to our results found in the amygdaloid complex of the rat. These results seem to confirm the data from the literature (Gerebtzoff 1959, Koelle 1963, Silver 1967) that except for the cerebellum there js generally a great similarity of AChE activity in homologous structures oi the brain in various spe ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... In daily life, once a movement has been initiated, the execution of most of our willed, intentional movements occurs virtually automatically. Intentional movements are in essence initiated by the cerebral motor cortex that directly, or indirectly via local premotor circuits, reaches the brain stem o ...
... In daily life, once a movement has been initiated, the execution of most of our willed, intentional movements occurs virtually automatically. Intentional movements are in essence initiated by the cerebral motor cortex that directly, or indirectly via local premotor circuits, reaches the brain stem o ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... striatum (DLS) represents the initial stage for processing sensorimotor information in the basal ganglia. Although the DLS receives much of its input from the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, peripheral somesthetic stimulation activates the DLS at latencies that are shorter than the response laten ...
... striatum (DLS) represents the initial stage for processing sensorimotor information in the basal ganglia. Although the DLS receives much of its input from the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex, peripheral somesthetic stimulation activates the DLS at latencies that are shorter than the response laten ...
Vestibular Signals of Posterior Parietal Cortex Neurons during
... et al.20), smooth pursuit activity was almost negligible at the velocities tested in our experiments (up to 20°/s; FIG. 2B). Under certain circumstances, the animals were tracking the fixation spot almost exclusively via head movements (FIG. 2C, D). In such case, a clear correlation between neuronal ...
... et al.20), smooth pursuit activity was almost negligible at the velocities tested in our experiments (up to 20°/s; FIG. 2B). Under certain circumstances, the animals were tracking the fixation spot almost exclusively via head movements (FIG. 2C, D). In such case, a clear correlation between neuronal ...
Neuronal and microglial cathepsins in aging and age
... H. Nakanishi / Ageing Research Reviews 2 (2003) 367–381 ...
... H. Nakanishi / Ageing Research Reviews 2 (2003) 367–381 ...
Viewpoint - Columbia University
... a common crossing timescale tc out of such a heterogeneous neuronal population. Any explanation involving the dynamics of isolated single neurons would suffer from severe fine-tuning problems. The crossing time of a single neuron would depend sensitively on the strength of top-down inputs and bottom ...
... a common crossing timescale tc out of such a heterogeneous neuronal population. Any explanation involving the dynamics of isolated single neurons would suffer from severe fine-tuning problems. The crossing time of a single neuron would depend sensitively on the strength of top-down inputs and bottom ...
Comparing functional connectivity via thresholding correlations and
... the chance of finding any further seeds is 0.05, and the chance of finding any others beyond that is roughly 0.052 which is very small. Of course the main criticism of such an approach is that it will find only one network of connected voxels that happen to contain the initial seed voxel. Other disj ...
... the chance of finding any further seeds is 0.05, and the chance of finding any others beyond that is roughly 0.052 which is very small. Of course the main criticism of such an approach is that it will find only one network of connected voxels that happen to contain the initial seed voxel. Other disj ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
... tients with frontal lobe damage. Despite the clinical importance of suppression, most studies of the frontal lobe (e.g., Hasegawa et al., 1998, 2000a, 2004) in monkeys have dealt with the generation of movement rather than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the supp ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... and Desplan, 2004). Starting with the compound eye, visual signals are transmitted through a twodimensional array of modular longitudinal structures called cartridges in the lamina and columns in the other three neuropils, which retains the spatial organization of the visual field captured by the om ...
... and Desplan, 2004). Starting with the compound eye, visual signals are transmitted through a twodimensional array of modular longitudinal structures called cartridges in the lamina and columns in the other three neuropils, which retains the spatial organization of the visual field captured by the om ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent of, though modulated by, sensory inputs. In summary, there are ...
... sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent of, though modulated by, sensory inputs. In summary, there are ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... density of auditory connections along the caudal to rostral axis (Figure 2; Barbas and Mesulam, 1985). Within the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex, auditory input is relatively restricted to specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981) and areas 45 and 12 in the ventrolateral ...
... density of auditory connections along the caudal to rostral axis (Figure 2; Barbas and Mesulam, 1985). Within the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex, auditory input is relatively restricted to specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981) and areas 45 and 12 in the ventrolateral ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent of, though modulated by, sensory inputs. In summary, there are ...
... sleep / wake cycle and levels of arousal within a particular state. Obviously, behavior is quite different when one is asleep or awake, and when awake there is a certain basic level of arousal or spontaneous activity that is independent of, though modulated by, sensory inputs. In summary, there are ...
download file
... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
Neuroplasticity
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Brain_2.jpg?width=300)
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.