Reduced functional connectivity within and between `social` resting
... network subserves are correlated with the resting functional connectivity of that network (Seeley et al., 2007). In light of these observations, an interesting question is to what extent task-based differences in specific brain regions in ASC are reflected in different connectivity patterns of their ...
... network subserves are correlated with the resting functional connectivity of that network (Seeley et al., 2007). In light of these observations, an interesting question is to what extent task-based differences in specific brain regions in ASC are reflected in different connectivity patterns of their ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
... with a too long node of Ranvier, which may hinder the progression of the action potential. The time seems ripe to abandon a vision of myelin based on a metaphor and accept a new epistemological paradigm more consistent with the observational data, and less theory laden. (i) chronically demyelinated ...
C fibres (dull pain)
... The conclusion was drawn that the pain experienced by these men was blocked by emotional factors. The physical injuries that these men had received was an escape from the life-threatening environment of battle to the safety of a hospital, or even release form the war. This relationship suggests th ...
... The conclusion was drawn that the pain experienced by these men was blocked by emotional factors. The physical injuries that these men had received was an escape from the life-threatening environment of battle to the safety of a hospital, or even release form the war. This relationship suggests th ...
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... REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 3-Explain how an action potential is generated. TOP: MOD: 2.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual 37. Which of the following statements is TRUE about neurotransmitters? a. Neurotransmitters affect the physiological, but not the psychological, functioning of the ...
... REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 3-Explain how an action potential is generated. TOP: MOD: 2.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual 37. Which of the following statements is TRUE about neurotransmitters? a. Neurotransmitters affect the physiological, but not the psychological, functioning of the ...
neurocircuitry of addiction
... measure of dopamine release (67), this indicates a potentially important distinction between data in animal models and human cocaine addicts. NEUROPLASTICITY Motivational Circuitry as a Site of Addiction Pathologies The circuit shown in Fig. 95.2 contains interconnections among mesencephalic dopamin ...
... measure of dopamine release (67), this indicates a potentially important distinction between data in animal models and human cocaine addicts. NEUROPLASTICITY Motivational Circuitry as a Site of Addiction Pathologies The circuit shown in Fig. 95.2 contains interconnections among mesencephalic dopamin ...
PDF - Folia Biologica
... The development of mammalian neocortex represents one of the most important events in the history of the vertebrate brain. This complicated process peaked in the human brain. In the human neocortex are deposited structural and functional mechanisms of language, thinking, planning and other cognitive ...
... The development of mammalian neocortex represents one of the most important events in the history of the vertebrate brain. This complicated process peaked in the human brain. In the human neocortex are deposited structural and functional mechanisms of language, thinking, planning and other cognitive ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... consideration in whole cell recordings. It is well known that postnatal developmental transformations in the brain, especially in the PFC and limbic system, are prominent during adolescence across a variety of species (for a review, see Spear, 2000). Most rat studies have been conducted to date in s ...
... consideration in whole cell recordings. It is well known that postnatal developmental transformations in the brain, especially in the PFC and limbic system, are prominent during adolescence across a variety of species (for a review, see Spear, 2000). Most rat studies have been conducted to date in s ...
Zoology 242 Anatomy of Nervous systems Lecture 8
... Classic Cranial Nerves • Nerves that originate from within the brain (as opposed to the spinal cord) and exit through the skull. • Serves both sensory and motor functions ...
... Classic Cranial Nerves • Nerves that originate from within the brain (as opposed to the spinal cord) and exit through the skull. • Serves both sensory and motor functions ...
PDF - Stanford University
... neuroimaging techniques to examine the neural substrates of MDD. In this review we present findings from this body of research, identifying the major brain regions or structures that have been implicated in depression and discussing their relation, when possible, to specific DSM symptoms of MDD. We ...
... neuroimaging techniques to examine the neural substrates of MDD. In this review we present findings from this body of research, identifying the major brain regions or structures that have been implicated in depression and discussing their relation, when possible, to specific DSM symptoms of MDD. We ...
Background Paper 3 - Yale School of Medicine
... anatomical homology between rodent and primate prefrontal cortex is controversial49,50. However, studies of the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) areas within rat medial PFC (mPFC), the most likely functional homologue of dlPFC in NHP and human, largely support the results from rhesus monkey. Firs ...
... anatomical homology between rodent and primate prefrontal cortex is controversial49,50. However, studies of the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) areas within rat medial PFC (mPFC), the most likely functional homologue of dlPFC in NHP and human, largely support the results from rhesus monkey. Firs ...
NEOCORTEX
... The third type of cortex has varying populations of granule cells and is called eulaminate, or homotypical, cortex. It includes much of "association cortex," which is a convenient description for cortex whose function has yet to be discovered (Fig. 12.2). \Vithin each of these areas are many subdivi ...
... The third type of cortex has varying populations of granule cells and is called eulaminate, or homotypical, cortex. It includes much of "association cortex," which is a convenient description for cortex whose function has yet to be discovered (Fig. 12.2). \Vithin each of these areas are many subdivi ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... of a conflict stimulus (e.g. the word GREEN displayed in red), because there is a strong prepotent tendency to read the word (“green”), which competes with the response to the color (“red”). This illustrates one of the most fundamental aspects of cognitive control and goal-directed behavior: the abi ...
... of a conflict stimulus (e.g. the word GREEN displayed in red), because there is a strong prepotent tendency to read the word (“green”), which competes with the response to the color (“red”). This illustrates one of the most fundamental aspects of cognitive control and goal-directed behavior: the abi ...
Experimental Models of Parkinson`s Disease: Insights from Many
... dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to specific damage via oxidative stress to these neurons (14). To be neurotoxic to the brain, 6-OHDA must be administered by intracerebral or intraventricular injections because it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound can be neurotoxic to the ...
... dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to specific damage via oxidative stress to these neurons (14). To be neurotoxic to the brain, 6-OHDA must be administered by intracerebral or intraventricular injections because it is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound can be neurotoxic to the ...
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... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
Dynamics of Learning and Recall ... Recurrent Synapses and Cholinergic Modulation
... play a dominant role in determining the information processing characteristics of this region. However, they result in feedback dynamics that may cause both runaway excitatory activity and runaway synaptic modification. Previous models of recurrent excitation have prevented unbounded activity using ...
... play a dominant role in determining the information processing characteristics of this region. However, they result in feedback dynamics that may cause both runaway excitatory activity and runaway synaptic modification. Previous models of recurrent excitation have prevented unbounded activity using ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... pain relief, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, vibrotactile stimuli Introduction Pain relief by vibrotactile stimuli is a well-known phenomenon. Although vibrotactile stimuli actually reduce experimental pain in animals (Woolf et al., 1977) and humans (Wall and CronlyDillon, 1960), and patholog ...
... pain relief, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, vibrotactile stimuli Introduction Pain relief by vibrotactile stimuli is a well-known phenomenon. Although vibrotactile stimuli actually reduce experimental pain in animals (Woolf et al., 1977) and humans (Wall and CronlyDillon, 1960), and patholog ...
Neuroimaging and ADHD: fMRI, PET, DTI Findings, and
... including fronto-striatal, fronto-parietal, fronto-cerebellar, fronto-striato-parieto-cerebellar, and fronto-temporal circuitry (Nigg & Casey, 2005; Rubia et al., 2009a, 2009b; Schneider et al., 2010; Silk, Vance, Rinehart, Bradshaw, & Cunnington, 2008). In addition to circuitry, specific structures ...
... including fronto-striatal, fronto-parietal, fronto-cerebellar, fronto-striato-parieto-cerebellar, and fronto-temporal circuitry (Nigg & Casey, 2005; Rubia et al., 2009a, 2009b; Schneider et al., 2010; Silk, Vance, Rinehart, Bradshaw, & Cunnington, 2008). In addition to circuitry, specific structures ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... not only sensitive to the expected value of the reward relative to its prediction, but is also sensitive to the time of the predicted reward. A reward that is shifted backwards or forwards in time by 500 ms induces activation at its new time. Depression occurs at the original reward time if the rewa ...
... not only sensitive to the expected value of the reward relative to its prediction, but is also sensitive to the time of the predicted reward. A reward that is shifted backwards or forwards in time by 500 ms induces activation at its new time. Depression occurs at the original reward time if the rewa ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... magnetoencephalography (MeG) studies. brain imaging studies have shown that, as in the monkey, this action observation–action execution mirror circuit is formed by two main regions: the inferior section of the precentral gyrus plus the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; and the inferior p ...
... magnetoencephalography (MeG) studies. brain imaging studies have shown that, as in the monkey, this action observation–action execution mirror circuit is formed by two main regions: the inferior section of the precentral gyrus plus the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; and the inferior p ...
THE NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION Ralph F
... modality-specific regions of cerebral cortex with which they have reciprocal connections. 5. The medial thalamic nuclei have reciprocal connections with the prefrontal cortex and are involved in behavior and memory. 6. The pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei together coordinate with the lateral ge ...
... modality-specific regions of cerebral cortex with which they have reciprocal connections. 5. The medial thalamic nuclei have reciprocal connections with the prefrontal cortex and are involved in behavior and memory. 6. The pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei together coordinate with the lateral ge ...
J Neurophysiol - University of Connecticut
... endeavored to draw thalamocortical comparisons from nonsimultaneous recordings (Barone et al. 1996; Clarey et al. 1995; Pelleg-Toiba and Wollberg 1989; Samson et al. 2000). Because differences in animal model, anesthesia, stimuli, and measured response parameters could affect results, the literature ...
... endeavored to draw thalamocortical comparisons from nonsimultaneous recordings (Barone et al. 1996; Clarey et al. 1995; Pelleg-Toiba and Wollberg 1989; Samson et al. 2000). Because differences in animal model, anesthesia, stimuli, and measured response parameters could affect results, the literature ...
R eelin is expressed in the accessory olfactory system, but is not a
... mutants showed patterns of vomeronasal nerve labeling that were not obviously different from controls (Fig. 2). In reeler mutants and wild-type mice, vomeronasal sensory neurons labeled by the VN12-IRES-lacZ transgene originate in the VNO and soon after leaving the VNO form bundles of axons. Initial ...
... mutants showed patterns of vomeronasal nerve labeling that were not obviously different from controls (Fig. 2). In reeler mutants and wild-type mice, vomeronasal sensory neurons labeled by the VN12-IRES-lacZ transgene originate in the VNO and soon after leaving the VNO form bundles of axons. Initial ...
Hypothalamus
... Its functional significance is disproportionate to its size. It has been considered as the head nucleus of the ANS as it is the principle autonomic center in the brain. ...
... Its functional significance is disproportionate to its size. It has been considered as the head nucleus of the ANS as it is the principle autonomic center in the brain. ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.