Warm pleasant feelings in the brain
... of the hand was designed to minimize thermal interaction between the stimuli in the short delivery period of 4 s, and was designed so that even with any topologically mapped representation of the body surface that might be present in the activated brain regions, the regions of activation would be cl ...
... of the hand was designed to minimize thermal interaction between the stimuli in the short delivery period of 4 s, and was designed so that even with any topologically mapped representation of the body surface that might be present in the activated brain regions, the regions of activation would be cl ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... Jensen et al., 1996; Koene et al., 2003). We propose that the retrieval of goal-directed behavior depends on the spread of activity through strengthened connections from a minicolumn that represents the reward state and from the specific state minicolumn activated by current input. Consistent with th ...
... Jensen et al., 1996; Koene et al., 2003). We propose that the retrieval of goal-directed behavior depends on the spread of activity through strengthened connections from a minicolumn that represents the reward state and from the specific state minicolumn activated by current input. Consistent with th ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a simple termination zone, such as the one used here, is desirable because of its simplicity, but it might not be appropriate if the superior collicular connections with frontal areas were to be examined. As can ...
... is difficult and ‘‘jumping’’ occurs between the adjacent white matter fiber tracts. Using a simple termination zone, such as the one used here, is desirable because of its simplicity, but it might not be appropriate if the superior collicular connections with frontal areas were to be examined. As can ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... 2011; Dean et al., 2010; Steuber and Jaeger, 2013; Voogd and Ruigrok, 1997). In contrast to models of other cortical and subcortical circuits in the brain (Ahissar and Kleinfeld, 2003; Alexander et al., 1986; McCormick et al., 2015; Nicolelis and Fanselow, 2002; Pennartz et al., 2009), it is unknown ...
... 2011; Dean et al., 2010; Steuber and Jaeger, 2013; Voogd and Ruigrok, 1997). In contrast to models of other cortical and subcortical circuits in the brain (Ahissar and Kleinfeld, 2003; Alexander et al., 1986; McCormick et al., 2015; Nicolelis and Fanselow, 2002; Pennartz et al., 2009), it is unknown ...
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex
... that such neurons code behavioural outcomes of trials. This suggests that the OFC is sensitive to the reinforcement properties, or value, of stimuli and, further, rapidly modulates the nature of this inf luence in the light of recent experience. Findings from Lesion Studies in Humans In humans, like ...
... that such neurons code behavioural outcomes of trials. This suggests that the OFC is sensitive to the reinforcement properties, or value, of stimuli and, further, rapidly modulates the nature of this inf luence in the light of recent experience. Findings from Lesion Studies in Humans In humans, like ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... with the accessory basal nucleus have also been described [6**]. Taken together, these neuroanatomical data suggest that the perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is a zone of convergence from both higher order sensory association areas as well as a number of different subcortical structures (F ...
... with the accessory basal nucleus have also been described [6**]. Taken together, these neuroanatomical data suggest that the perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is a zone of convergence from both higher order sensory association areas as well as a number of different subcortical structures (F ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... [Background]: It is reasonable to consider the thalamus a primary candidate for the location of consciousness, given that the thalamus has been referred to as the gateway of nearly all sensory inputs to the corresponding cortical areas. Interestingly, in an early stage of brain development, communic ...
... [Background]: It is reasonable to consider the thalamus a primary candidate for the location of consciousness, given that the thalamus has been referred to as the gateway of nearly all sensory inputs to the corresponding cortical areas. Interestingly, in an early stage of brain development, communic ...
Brain Oscillations Control Timing of Single
... the guidelines of the Medical Institutional Review Board at University of California, Los Angeles. We examined data from a total of 46 recording sessions from 20 different subjects (individual subjects participated in 1– 4 sessions) (for details, see supplemental Table 1, available at www. ...
... the guidelines of the Medical Institutional Review Board at University of California, Los Angeles. We examined data from a total of 46 recording sessions from 20 different subjects (individual subjects participated in 1– 4 sessions) (for details, see supplemental Table 1, available at www. ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... MNS (mirror neuron system) in human beings, for example with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Iacoboni and colleagues (1999) performed an fMRI on subjects while they were watching someone else move their fingers and while performing finger movements of their own. During this action ...
... MNS (mirror neuron system) in human beings, for example with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Iacoboni and colleagues (1999) performed an fMRI on subjects while they were watching someone else move their fingers and while performing finger movements of their own. During this action ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
Essential Tremor Followed by Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
... (10,11). This furthers interest in the pathological and mechanistic basis of a possible connection between the 2 disorders. However, the links between ET and parkinsonism are not well understood. Here, we report the clinicopathologic findings of 11 (12.4%) of 89 ET patients who were prospectively col ...
... (10,11). This furthers interest in the pathological and mechanistic basis of a possible connection between the 2 disorders. However, the links between ET and parkinsonism are not well understood. Here, we report the clinicopathologic findings of 11 (12.4%) of 89 ET patients who were prospectively col ...
Atonia-Related Regions in the Rodent Pons and Medulla
... Hajnik, T., Y. Y. Lai, and J. M. Siegel. Atonia-related regions in the rodent pons and medulla. J Neurophysiol 84: 1942–1948, 2000. Electrical stimulation of circumscribed areas of the pontine and medullary reticular formation inhibits muscle tone in cats. In this report, we present an analysis of t ...
... Hajnik, T., Y. Y. Lai, and J. M. Siegel. Atonia-related regions in the rodent pons and medulla. J Neurophysiol 84: 1942–1948, 2000. Electrical stimulation of circumscribed areas of the pontine and medullary reticular formation inhibits muscle tone in cats. In this report, we present an analysis of t ...
Attention as a decision in information space
... results in devastating behavioral and psychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the neuronal mechanisms of decision formation is a central goal of cognitive neuroscience. In recent years, significant progress in the study of decision formation was made possible by the development of behavioral task ...
... results in devastating behavioral and psychiatric disorders. Thus, understanding the neuronal mechanisms of decision formation is a central goal of cognitive neuroscience. In recent years, significant progress in the study of decision formation was made possible by the development of behavioral task ...
fulltext
... and control various aspects of neuronal activity to decipher their correlation to behavior. The Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 (VGLUT2) packages glutamate into presynaptic vesicles for axonal terminal release. In this thesis, VGLUT2 was used to specifically target cell populations within the basa ...
... and control various aspects of neuronal activity to decipher their correlation to behavior. The Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 (VGLUT2) packages glutamate into presynaptic vesicles for axonal terminal release. In this thesis, VGLUT2 was used to specifically target cell populations within the basa ...
Sparse Coding in the Neocortex
... contributing to the utility of center-surround receptive field organization, along with decorrelation and response gain. Furthermore, sparse codes of natural sounds have been shown to produce temporal response profiles with properties similar to those of early auditory neurons (Lewicki, 2002). This ...
... contributing to the utility of center-surround receptive field organization, along with decorrelation and response gain. Furthermore, sparse codes of natural sounds have been shown to produce temporal response profiles with properties similar to those of early auditory neurons (Lewicki, 2002). This ...
Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design
... Evolutionary biologists often use phenotypic differences between species and between individuals to gain an understanding of organismal design. The focus of much recent attention has been on developmental plasticity – the environmentally induced variability during development within a single genotyp ...
... Evolutionary biologists often use phenotypic differences between species and between individuals to gain an understanding of organismal design. The focus of much recent attention has been on developmental plasticity – the environmentally induced variability during development within a single genotyp ...
pdf
... Background: Tinnitus is an auditory sensation characterized by the perception of sound or noise in the absence of any external sound source. Based on neurobiological research, it is generally accepted that most forms of tinnitus are attributable to maladaptive plasticity due to damage to auditory sy ...
... Background: Tinnitus is an auditory sensation characterized by the perception of sound or noise in the absence of any external sound source. Based on neurobiological research, it is generally accepted that most forms of tinnitus are attributable to maladaptive plasticity due to damage to auditory sy ...
ficient mice: Distinct effects in Finnish variant late infantile NCL
... pathological staging of this fatal pediatric disorder, we have undertaken a stereological analysis of the CNS of Cln5 deficient mice (Cln5−/−) at different stages of disease progression. Consistent with human vLINCLFin, these Cln5−/− mice displayed a relatively late onset regional atrophy and general ...
... pathological staging of this fatal pediatric disorder, we have undertaken a stereological analysis of the CNS of Cln5 deficient mice (Cln5−/−) at different stages of disease progression. Consistent with human vLINCLFin, these Cln5−/− mice displayed a relatively late onset regional atrophy and general ...
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic
... Ivan Pavlov. In his classical conditioning studies of salivary and gastric secretion in dogs, Pavlov (1927) encountered what he referred to as psychic influences related to the phenomenon of higher-order neural inhibition. Through the gradual juxtapositioning of conflicting conditioned responses (i. ...
... Ivan Pavlov. In his classical conditioning studies of salivary and gastric secretion in dogs, Pavlov (1927) encountered what he referred to as psychic influences related to the phenomenon of higher-order neural inhibition. Through the gradual juxtapositioning of conflicting conditioned responses (i. ...
Cortical Algorithms for Perceptual Grouping
... that are bound in perception, but it takes more time than does basegrouping because it relies also on horizontal and feedback connections. The modulation of neuronal response strength during incremental grouping has a correlate in psychology because attention is directed to those features that are l ...
... that are bound in perception, but it takes more time than does basegrouping because it relies also on horizontal and feedback connections. The modulation of neuronal response strength during incremental grouping has a correlate in psychology because attention is directed to those features that are l ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... 2011). Elucidating the precise cellular constituents and mechanism(s) underlying PFC function, and how it exerts top-down control over other brain regions, remains an important area of exploration. One critical component for PFC function is the contribution of neuromodulatory inputs. How neuromodula ...
... 2011). Elucidating the precise cellular constituents and mechanism(s) underlying PFC function, and how it exerts top-down control over other brain regions, remains an important area of exploration. One critical component for PFC function is the contribution of neuromodulatory inputs. How neuromodula ...
Getting to Know You: Reputation and Trust in a Two
... by their partner—a behavioral finding mirrored by neural responses in the dorsal striatum. Here, analyses within and between brains revealed two signals—one encoded by response magnitude, and the other by response timing. Response magnitude correlated with the ‘‘intention to trust’’ on the next play ...
... by their partner—a behavioral finding mirrored by neural responses in the dorsal striatum. Here, analyses within and between brains revealed two signals—one encoded by response magnitude, and the other by response timing. Response magnitude correlated with the ‘‘intention to trust’’ on the next play ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... modulating the expression of ATP13A2 does not influence autophagic activation but may enhance the turnover of GFP-LC3 most likely through lysosomal degradation. Next, we explored the impact of ATP13A2 expression on GFP-LC3-positive autophagosomes in cortical neurons by confocal microscopy. The overe ...
... modulating the expression of ATP13A2 does not influence autophagic activation but may enhance the turnover of GFP-LC3 most likely through lysosomal degradation. Next, we explored the impact of ATP13A2 expression on GFP-LC3-positive autophagosomes in cortical neurons by confocal microscopy. The overe ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.