Adaptive neural coding: from biological to behavioral decision
... Context-dependent neural value coding. (a) Modulation by spatial context in monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP) neurons. Left, average firing rate histograms as a function of time, segregated by the value context of the array of alternatives. Despite a constant reward associated with the neural ...
... Context-dependent neural value coding. (a) Modulation by spatial context in monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP) neurons. Left, average firing rate histograms as a function of time, segregated by the value context of the array of alternatives. Despite a constant reward associated with the neural ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... modulating the expression of ATP13A2 does not influence autophagic activation but may enhance the turnover of GFP-LC3 most likely through lysosomal degradation. Next, we explored the impact of ATP13A2 expression on GFP-LC3-positive autophagosomes in cortical neurons by confocal microscopy. The overe ...
... modulating the expression of ATP13A2 does not influence autophagic activation but may enhance the turnover of GFP-LC3 most likely through lysosomal degradation. Next, we explored the impact of ATP13A2 expression on GFP-LC3-positive autophagosomes in cortical neurons by confocal microscopy. The overe ...
Sample
... ANS: d, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-33. Which activity involves activation of the parasympathetic system? a) picking up a ball b) studying for a final exam c) resting after a stressful drive home d) getting “psyched up” to play an important tennis match ANS: c, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-34. Homeosta ...
... ANS: d, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-33. Which activity involves activation of the parasympathetic system? a) picking up a ball b) studying for a final exam c) resting after a stressful drive home d) getting “psyched up” to play an important tennis match ANS: c, p. 46, C/A, Difficulty=2 2-34. Homeosta ...
The Nervous System
... a. helps control the functioning of most internal organs 3. controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands a. indirectly helps control hormone secretion by most other endocrine glands 4. contains center for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc ii. structure and fun ...
... a. helps control the functioning of most internal organs 3. controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands a. indirectly helps control hormone secretion by most other endocrine glands 4. contains center for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc ii. structure and fun ...
Estimating Fast Neural Input Using Anatomical and
... Center for Neuroscience, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 2 BrainLinks-BrainTools, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ...
... Center for Neuroscience, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 2 BrainLinks-BrainTools, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ...
PDF
... of the projections into the cochlear nucleus indicate that somatosensory cues are important to the earliest stages in the central auditory pathway. The type of somatosensory information carried by these projections, however, is not entirely clear, but current data imply that cues conveying head and ...
... of the projections into the cochlear nucleus indicate that somatosensory cues are important to the earliest stages in the central auditory pathway. The type of somatosensory information carried by these projections, however, is not entirely clear, but current data imply that cues conveying head and ...
Musings on the Wanderer: What`s New in Our Understanding of
... (46) examined the terminal fields formed by regenerating axons and endings. These investigators reported marked differences in the regenerative capacities of the afferent and efferent arms of the vagus under the same surgical and maintenance conditions. It was demonstrated that, in the rat, vagal af ...
... (46) examined the terminal fields formed by regenerating axons and endings. These investigators reported marked differences in the regenerative capacities of the afferent and efferent arms of the vagus under the same surgical and maintenance conditions. It was demonstrated that, in the rat, vagal af ...
A neural theory of speech acquisition and production
... commands to the primary motor cortex. It is this feedforward control of speech sounds via neurons in the speech sound map that we liken to the activity of mirror neurons during action production. In addition to driving the complex articulator movements required to produce speech sounds, neurons in t ...
... commands to the primary motor cortex. It is this feedforward control of speech sounds via neurons in the speech sound map that we liken to the activity of mirror neurons during action production. In addition to driving the complex articulator movements required to produce speech sounds, neurons in t ...
Deep Brain stimulation in the Treatment of Dystonia – The
... delayed. GPi DBS has diffuse effects within the brain; functional imaging studies have shown a reduction in hypermetabolism in supplementary motor areas after treatment with DBS, thought to ...
... delayed. GPi DBS has diffuse effects within the brain; functional imaging studies have shown a reduction in hypermetabolism in supplementary motor areas after treatment with DBS, thought to ...
MIRROR NEURON FUNCTION: AN EXAMINATION OF
... food does not move his fingers. Another important aspect is that activation ceases when the food is made available to him. Whereas, if these neurons were related to pre-motor neurons then activation would have increased in response to preparation of movement execution, not decreased. This supports t ...
... food does not move his fingers. Another important aspect is that activation ceases when the food is made available to him. Whereas, if these neurons were related to pre-motor neurons then activation would have increased in response to preparation of movement execution, not decreased. This supports t ...
View/Open - eDiss - Georg-August
... central complex and were separated from ascending neurons based on their longer latencies. One local brain neuron was found discriminating between behaviorally attractive and non-attractive stimuli. Using such multielectrodes, it was also possible to induce singing responses by electrically stimulat ...
... central complex and were separated from ascending neurons based on their longer latencies. One local brain neuron was found discriminating between behaviorally attractive and non-attractive stimuli. Using such multielectrodes, it was also possible to induce singing responses by electrically stimulat ...
Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2004)
... basis of expectancies of emotionally significant events. Recent human imaging studies support this claim [53]. On the other hand, the anatomical relations among the OFC and sensory regions (discussed later) are consistent with an important role for the OFC’s use of information from a variety of sens ...
... basis of expectancies of emotionally significant events. Recent human imaging studies support this claim [53]. On the other hand, the anatomical relations among the OFC and sensory regions (discussed later) are consistent with an important role for the OFC’s use of information from a variety of sens ...
Caudo‐rostral brain spreading of α‐synuclein through vagal
... Brain accumulation, aggregation and spreading of a‐synuclein (a‐syn) are hallmarks of Parkinson’s (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (Spillantini et al, 1997). Although the exact mechanisms triggering this a‐syn pathology are yet to be fully elucidated, both clinical and experimental evidence ...
... Brain accumulation, aggregation and spreading of a‐synuclein (a‐syn) are hallmarks of Parkinson’s (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (Spillantini et al, 1997). Although the exact mechanisms triggering this a‐syn pathology are yet to be fully elucidated, both clinical and experimental evidence ...
Zebrafish and motor control over the last decade
... 2005). Ablation of the neurons reduced prey capture success and appeared to affect the ability of the fish to properly orient to the prey. This ability to link even a few neurons to different motor behaviors offers the promise of understanding the contribution of many cell types. In order to link ne ...
... 2005). Ablation of the neurons reduced prey capture success and appeared to affect the ability of the fish to properly orient to the prey. This ability to link even a few neurons to different motor behaviors offers the promise of understanding the contribution of many cell types. In order to link ne ...
Mercury and the Developing Brain
... axon gives rise to many smaller axon branches before ending at nerve terminals. Another extension of the cell body includes dendrites, which extend from the neuron cell Figure 3. The Healthy Neuron ...
... axon gives rise to many smaller axon branches before ending at nerve terminals. Another extension of the cell body includes dendrites, which extend from the neuron cell Figure 3. The Healthy Neuron ...
Representation of the Visual Field in the Human Occipital Cortex
... To assess the accuracy of the Holmes map4 and a revised map,6 the location of the lesion in each patient was predicted using the 2 maps based on the patient’s visual field defect. We then compared the predicted location of the lesion with its actual location on MRI to assess the compatibility betwee ...
... To assess the accuracy of the Holmes map4 and a revised map,6 the location of the lesion in each patient was predicted using the 2 maps based on the patient’s visual field defect. We then compared the predicted location of the lesion with its actual location on MRI to assess the compatibility betwee ...
Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing
... of functional connectivity in its input and output pathways. Characterization of spontaneous activity within these pathways provides insight into their functional status in early development. In the present study we recorded extracellular activity from the interpositus nucleus (IP) and its primary d ...
... of functional connectivity in its input and output pathways. Characterization of spontaneous activity within these pathways provides insight into their functional status in early development. In the present study we recorded extracellular activity from the interpositus nucleus (IP) and its primary d ...
invariant face and object recognition in the visual system
... generalization to similar stimuli (in the Hamming distance sense, see Rolls and Treves, 1997), graceful degradation (fault tolerance), and some locality to the representation, so that some single neurons which receive inputs from such a representation can obtain sufficient information without requir ...
... generalization to similar stimuli (in the Hamming distance sense, see Rolls and Treves, 1997), graceful degradation (fault tolerance), and some locality to the representation, so that some single neurons which receive inputs from such a representation can obtain sufficient information without requir ...
Multisensory Integration of Dynamic Faces and Voices
... reward. Eye-position signals were digitized at a sampling rate of 200 Hz. Data collection. Recordings were made from the core and lateral belt regions of the left auditory cortex using standard electrophysiological techniques. We used a custom-made multielectrode drive that allowed us to move up to ...
... reward. Eye-position signals were digitized at a sampling rate of 200 Hz. Data collection. Recordings were made from the core and lateral belt regions of the left auditory cortex using standard electrophysiological techniques. We used a custom-made multielectrode drive that allowed us to move up to ...
Discovery of a Proneurogenic, Neuroprotective
... the number of BrdU+ cells was normalized against the volume of the dentate gyrus. Because we considered both increased proliferation and survival of newborn neurons to be important screening parameters, we conducted our screen over 7 days in order to detect molecules that might augment either proces ...
... the number of BrdU+ cells was normalized against the volume of the dentate gyrus. Because we considered both increased proliferation and survival of newborn neurons to be important screening parameters, we conducted our screen over 7 days in order to detect molecules that might augment either proces ...
Meaningful auditory information enhances perception of visual
... even when only the sound of an action is perceived, without any significant activation for auditory stimuli not related to action (Kohler et al., 2002). Auditory and visual signals interact in defining the response profile of these neurons. For example, around one third of them show strongest respon ...
... even when only the sound of an action is perceived, without any significant activation for auditory stimuli not related to action (Kohler et al., 2002). Auditory and visual signals interact in defining the response profile of these neurons. For example, around one third of them show strongest respon ...
Evidence for implication of primate area V1 in neural 3
... 3.1. Gaze angle and horizontal disparity in foveal V1 Gaze direction has been shown to modulate the neural activity of most cortical areas in the dorsal pathway [12] and has been interpreted as being a neural process involved in spatial localization [1]. Similar modulations also appear to occur in t ...
... 3.1. Gaze angle and horizontal disparity in foveal V1 Gaze direction has been shown to modulate the neural activity of most cortical areas in the dorsal pathway [12] and has been interpreted as being a neural process involved in spatial localization [1]. Similar modulations also appear to occur in t ...
Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... the visual cortex for instance, there is a striking absence of noradrenergic fibers in lamina IV, where this lamina receives serotonergic innervation (Foote and Morrison 1987). Also, there is a notable absence of projections to the basal ganglia (apart from the core of the NAcc; Berri ...
... the visual cortex for instance, there is a striking absence of noradrenergic fibers in lamina IV, where this lamina receives serotonergic innervation (Foote and Morrison 1987). Also, there is a notable absence of projections to the basal ganglia (apart from the core of the NAcc; Berri ...
Theories of pain: from specificity to gate control
... Treatise of Man (originally written in French), was illustrated, edited, and published posthumously, first in Latin in 1662 (Descartes 1662) and then in French in 1664 (Descartes et al. 1664). In Treatise of Man, based on the French edition by Louis La Forge (who was also one of the illustrators), D ...
... Treatise of Man (originally written in French), was illustrated, edited, and published posthumously, first in Latin in 1662 (Descartes 1662) and then in French in 1664 (Descartes et al. 1664). In Treatise of Man, based on the French edition by Louis La Forge (who was also one of the illustrators), D ...
View/Open
... the paired layers, and similar parallel transmission is preserved all the way to the visual cortex. The second major function of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is to “gate” the transmission of signals to the visual cortex—that is, to control how much of the signal is allowed to pass to the co ...
... the paired layers, and similar parallel transmission is preserved all the way to the visual cortex. The second major function of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus is to “gate” the transmission of signals to the visual cortex—that is, to control how much of the signal is allowed to pass to the co ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.