Effects of lithium and valproate on amphetamine
... Objective: Previous studies have suggested that oxidative stress may play a role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Moreover, recent studies indicate that lithium and valproate exert neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. We studied the effects of the mood stabilizers lithiu ...
... Objective: Previous studies have suggested that oxidative stress may play a role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Moreover, recent studies indicate that lithium and valproate exert neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. We studied the effects of the mood stabilizers lithiu ...
Distinct Functions of 3 and V Integrin Receptors
... from each other, whereas those from wild-type brains adhered to each other freely. In some cortical imprint neuronal migration assays, dense cohorts of neurons were found to migrate on radial glial fibers (Figure 5G). The inhibition of a3 integrins in these assays caused neurons not only to stop the ...
... from each other, whereas those from wild-type brains adhered to each other freely. In some cortical imprint neuronal migration assays, dense cohorts of neurons were found to migrate on radial glial fibers (Figure 5G). The inhibition of a3 integrins in these assays caused neurons not only to stop the ...
Visuomotor Functions in the Frontal Lobe
... Areas of the macaque frontal lobe. This diagram emphasizes location and relation, not scale. The cingulate, principal, and arcuate sulci are illustrated with exposed fundus (dashed line) and banks ( gray). Area boundaries are indicated. Immediately rostral to the central sulcus is Brodmann’s area 4 ...
... Areas of the macaque frontal lobe. This diagram emphasizes location and relation, not scale. The cingulate, principal, and arcuate sulci are illustrated with exposed fundus (dashed line) and banks ( gray). Area boundaries are indicated. Immediately rostral to the central sulcus is Brodmann’s area 4 ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... Abstract Mushroom bodies are central brain structures and essentially involved in insect olfactory learning. Within the mushroom bodies c-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive feedback neurons are the most prominent neuron group. The plasticity of inhibitory neural activity within the mushroom bod ...
... Abstract Mushroom bodies are central brain structures and essentially involved in insect olfactory learning. Within the mushroom bodies c-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive feedback neurons are the most prominent neuron group. The plasticity of inhibitory neural activity within the mushroom bod ...
Corticosteroid–serotonin interactions in the
... response of the body to a demand’’, may also be described as any environmental change, either internal or external, that disturbs the maintenance of homeostasis (Leonard, 2005). The term ‘‘stress’’ can be used in two ways: either to identify events or circumstances that are perceived adversely (‘‘st ...
... response of the body to a demand’’, may also be described as any environmental change, either internal or external, that disturbs the maintenance of homeostasis (Leonard, 2005). The term ‘‘stress’’ can be used in two ways: either to identify events or circumstances that are perceived adversely (‘‘st ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer the risky option in this task, but their local pattern of choices strongly depends on the most recent reward obtained (Hayden ...
... To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer the risky option in this task, but their local pattern of choices strongly depends on the most recent reward obtained (Hayden ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... In species with highly developed neocortices, such as cats and primates, cortical neurons are grouped into columns that share functional similarities1 . In primary visual cortex, columns of neurons have highly similar preferred orientations of visual stimuli2, 3 . However, given that neurons in a co ...
... In species with highly developed neocortices, such as cats and primates, cortical neurons are grouped into columns that share functional similarities1 . In primary visual cortex, columns of neurons have highly similar preferred orientations of visual stimuli2, 3 . However, given that neurons in a co ...
A perceptual representation in the frontal eye field during covert
... the recording sites in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus histologically in monkey S following his unexpected death from an unknown cause, and by magnetic resonance imaging in monkey B. Monkey B is still alive and is participating in a different experiment. ...
... the recording sites in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus histologically in monkey S following his unexpected death from an unknown cause, and by magnetic resonance imaging in monkey B. Monkey B is still alive and is participating in a different experiment. ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... of the eight grasping action conditions [p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05/8)] and while executing grasping action (p < 0.05). To analyze the effect of the grasping action types under the observation conditions, we applied Two-way factorial ANOVA (with reaching ...
... of the eight grasping action conditions [p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (p < 0.05/8)] and while executing grasping action (p < 0.05). To analyze the effect of the grasping action types under the observation conditions, we applied Two-way factorial ANOVA (with reaching ...
Sample Chapter 8 from the Textbook
... many dendrites and a single axon. Most of the neurons within the CNS, including nearly all motor neurons, are multipolar. Bipolar neurons have two processes: one dendrite and one axon. Bipolar neurons are located in some sensory organs, such as in the retina of the eye and in the nasal cavity. Most ...
... many dendrites and a single axon. Most of the neurons within the CNS, including nearly all motor neurons, are multipolar. Bipolar neurons have two processes: one dendrite and one axon. Bipolar neurons are located in some sensory organs, such as in the retina of the eye and in the nasal cavity. Most ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... task, whereas performance of this task is unaffected when learned preoperatively (Pribram et al. 1962 ). Thus the involvement of the ACC in the control of behavior may depend critically on a close interaction with both the prefrontal cortex and the motor system. The PET technique, in combination wit ...
... task, whereas performance of this task is unaffected when learned preoperatively (Pribram et al. 1962 ). Thus the involvement of the ACC in the control of behavior may depend critically on a close interaction with both the prefrontal cortex and the motor system. The PET technique, in combination wit ...
cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses
... Videogame play (VGP) has been associated with numerous preferred and non-preferred effects. However, the effects of VGP on the development of microstructural properties in children, particularly those associated with negative psychological consequences of VGP, have not been identified to date. The pu ...
... Videogame play (VGP) has been associated with numerous preferred and non-preferred effects. However, the effects of VGP on the development of microstructural properties in children, particularly those associated with negative psychological consequences of VGP, have not been identified to date. The pu ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... Remarkably, the synapses formed by a single cell onto different target neurons can show different plasticity. This phenomenon was discovered in cerebral cortex (Reyes et al., 1998) and is called “target cell-specific synaptic plasticity.” This phenomenon indicates that Pr is regulated by communicati ...
... Remarkably, the synapses formed by a single cell onto different target neurons can show different plasticity. This phenomenon was discovered in cerebral cortex (Reyes et al., 1998) and is called “target cell-specific synaptic plasticity.” This phenomenon indicates that Pr is regulated by communicati ...
α3β1 integrin modulates neuronal migration and placement during
... t-test); n=75 for wild type and for mutant]. To assess possible malpositioning of upper layer interneurons, we immunolabeled wild-type and α3 integrin deficient cortices with calretinin and calbindin antibodies. Anti-calretinin and calbindin antibodies primarily label distinct groups of non-pyramida ...
... t-test); n=75 for wild type and for mutant]. To assess possible malpositioning of upper layer interneurons, we immunolabeled wild-type and α3 integrin deficient cortices with calretinin and calbindin antibodies. Anti-calretinin and calbindin antibodies primarily label distinct groups of non-pyramida ...
Stop-Signal Task - Gemstone Honors Program
... concentrate and regulate behavior (National Institute of Mental Health, 2007). These symptoms usually appear in early stages of life, and in many cases, last through adulthood. Children with ADHD are more likely to encounter academic difficulties, such as scoring poorly on exams and withdrawing prem ...
... concentrate and regulate behavior (National Institute of Mental Health, 2007). These symptoms usually appear in early stages of life, and in many cases, last through adulthood. Children with ADHD are more likely to encounter academic difficulties, such as scoring poorly on exams and withdrawing prem ...
Galanin in Alzheimer s disease: Neuroinhibitory or neuroprotective?
... preclinical AD stage [37] or mild AD revealed no evidence for GAL hyperinnervation of this CBF region during the prodromal or early stages of AD [38]. Taken together, these findings indicate that GAL fiber and receptor overexpression occurs within the anterior portion of the NB during the late stage ...
... preclinical AD stage [37] or mild AD revealed no evidence for GAL hyperinnervation of this CBF region during the prodromal or early stages of AD [38]. Taken together, these findings indicate that GAL fiber and receptor overexpression occurs within the anterior portion of the NB during the late stage ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... hypothesized that new neurons are required for making new memories and expected that more new neurons would be recruited into the hippocampus of the chickadee in the fall, when food-storing activity and spatial information processing for food storing begin. Chickadees that had received injections of ...
... hypothesized that new neurons are required for making new memories and expected that more new neurons would be recruited into the hippocampus of the chickadee in the fall, when food-storing activity and spatial information processing for food storing begin. Chickadees that had received injections of ...
Visual and presaccadic activity in area 8Ar of the macaque monkey
... greater than 0.75 for the Gaussian model (as per Hair et al. 2012). Some units exhibited activity ...
... greater than 0.75 for the Gaussian model (as per Hair et al. 2012). Some units exhibited activity ...
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... Neural control of REM sleep (con’t) The executive mechanism Activation of single neurons in this area are related to the sleep cycle ► Axons of these neurons project to the reticular formation, forebrain, brain stem regions that control eye movements ► Carbachol, an ACh receptor agonist, when infu ...
... Neural control of REM sleep (con’t) The executive mechanism Activation of single neurons in this area are related to the sleep cycle ► Axons of these neurons project to the reticular formation, forebrain, brain stem regions that control eye movements ► Carbachol, an ACh receptor agonist, when infu ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... Numerous, novel sex differences in gene expression patterns within the MeA, mPOA, VMH and BNST have been identified [10]. Using genome-wide expression profiling in conjunction with in situ hybridization, we discovered that the regulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns is complex as m ...
... Numerous, novel sex differences in gene expression patterns within the MeA, mPOA, VMH and BNST have been identified [10]. Using genome-wide expression profiling in conjunction with in situ hybridization, we discovered that the regulation of sexually dimorphic gene expression patterns is complex as m ...
Mirror neurons or emulator neurons?
... activations in these studies, because there was no way to figure out the intention of the actor from the action alone. The researchers in both studies made sure that, whatever the intention in the observed action would have been, the perceptual and motor properties of the initial action (grasping) w ...
... activations in these studies, because there was no way to figure out the intention of the actor from the action alone. The researchers in both studies made sure that, whatever the intention in the observed action would have been, the perceptual and motor properties of the initial action (grasping) w ...
Toward a Unified Theory of Visual Area V4
... extends to the surface of the temporal-occipital gyrus (Figure 1A). V4 contains representations of both superior (ventral V4) and inferior visual field (dorsal V4) representations (Gattass et al., 1988). Recent retinotopic mapping (Figure 1B) of this region using fMRI has provided evidence that it is ...
... extends to the surface of the temporal-occipital gyrus (Figure 1A). V4 contains representations of both superior (ventral V4) and inferior visual field (dorsal V4) representations (Gattass et al., 1988). Recent retinotopic mapping (Figure 1B) of this region using fMRI has provided evidence that it is ...
C fibres (dull pain)
... The conclusion was drawn that the pain experienced by these men was blocked by emotional factors. The physical injuries that these men had received was an escape from the life-threatening environment of battle to the safety of a hospital, or even release form the war. This relationship suggests th ...
... The conclusion was drawn that the pain experienced by these men was blocked by emotional factors. The physical injuries that these men had received was an escape from the life-threatening environment of battle to the safety of a hospital, or even release form the war. This relationship suggests th ...
Reduced functional connectivity within and between `social` resting
... network subserves are correlated with the resting functional connectivity of that network (Seeley et al., 2007). In light of these observations, an interesting question is to what extent task-based differences in specific brain regions in ASC are reflected in different connectivity patterns of their ...
... network subserves are correlated with the resting functional connectivity of that network (Seeley et al., 2007). In light of these observations, an interesting question is to what extent task-based differences in specific brain regions in ASC are reflected in different connectivity patterns of their ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.