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... The precise timing of events in the brain has consequences for intracellular processes, synaptic plasticity, integration and network behaviour. Pyramidal neurons, the most widespread excitatory neuron of the neocortex have multiple spike initiation zones, which interact via dendritic and somatic spi ...
... The precise timing of events in the brain has consequences for intracellular processes, synaptic plasticity, integration and network behaviour. Pyramidal neurons, the most widespread excitatory neuron of the neocortex have multiple spike initiation zones, which interact via dendritic and somatic spi ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • Controls during resting conditions • “Rest and digest” ...
... • Controls during resting conditions • “Rest and digest” ...
Encoding of Movement Fragments in the Motor Cortex
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... have been reinforced. It has been proposed68 that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain receive information on the expected availability of reinforcement through afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex. Through their widespread corticopetal projections the cholinergic neurons may then be ...
... have been reinforced. It has been proposed68 that cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain receive information on the expected availability of reinforcement through afferent inputs from the orbitofrontal cortex. Through their widespread corticopetal projections the cholinergic neurons may then be ...
Neurophysiological evidence of spared upper motor neurons after
... neuropathological, and functional outcome occurring after SCI utilizing the weight drop method in cats. We correlated the presence or absence of MEPs and SSEPs with neurological outcome and histopathologi cal findings. In addition, the excitability of the spared upper motoneurons after severely inj ...
... neuropathological, and functional outcome occurring after SCI utilizing the weight drop method in cats. We correlated the presence or absence of MEPs and SSEPs with neurological outcome and histopathologi cal findings. In addition, the excitability of the spared upper motoneurons after severely inj ...
Distinct Mechanisms for Processing Spatial Sequences and Pitch
... Figure 2. Statistical parametric maps for contrasts of interest (group data). a, SPMs are shown as “glass brain” projections in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. b, SPMs have been rendered on the group mean structural MRI brain image, normalized to the MNI standard sterotactic space (Evans et al. ...
... Figure 2. Statistical parametric maps for contrasts of interest (group data). a, SPMs are shown as “glass brain” projections in sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. b, SPMs have been rendered on the group mean structural MRI brain image, normalized to the MNI standard sterotactic space (Evans et al. ...
Article
... strategy, he or she would have to start the stopwatch at the first tone, even though it is irrelevant in the 3T trials. The true role of the second tone can only be determined retroactively by the presence or absence of a third tone. With a stopwatch, one approach could be to quickly record the time ...
... strategy, he or she would have to start the stopwatch at the first tone, even though it is irrelevant in the 3T trials. The true role of the second tone can only be determined retroactively by the presence or absence of a third tone. With a stopwatch, one approach could be to quickly record the time ...
Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in Auditory Cortex Is an NMDA
... (ERP) component elicited by a sound which deviates from a repeating pattern of recent sounds, and thought to be generated by a temporo-prefrontal network including auditory cortex. • This claim implies that auditory cortex units themselves play an integral role in novelty detection as indexed by the ...
... (ERP) component elicited by a sound which deviates from a repeating pattern of recent sounds, and thought to be generated by a temporo-prefrontal network including auditory cortex. • This claim implies that auditory cortex units themselves play an integral role in novelty detection as indexed by the ...
FREE Sample Here - Find the cheapest test bank for your
... TOP: MOD: 2.1 REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4-Explain difference between agonists and antagonists; describe their effects on neurotransmitters. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 45. Which of the following describes the function of dopamine in the brain? a) It is the neurotransmitter that ...
... TOP: MOD: 2.1 REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4-Explain difference between agonists and antagonists; describe their effects on neurotransmitters. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 45. Which of the following describes the function of dopamine in the brain? a) It is the neurotransmitter that ...
E ffects of different kinds of acute stress on nerve growth factor
... One possible explanation for this finding is that glucocorticoids, which are elevated during stress, reduce NGF synthesis [5,40]. However, contrary to this hypothesis, the change of glucocorticoid concentration during stress experiments does not always correspond to the reduction of measured NGF con ...
... One possible explanation for this finding is that glucocorticoids, which are elevated during stress, reduce NGF synthesis [5,40]. However, contrary to this hypothesis, the change of glucocorticoid concentration during stress experiments does not always correspond to the reduction of measured NGF con ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... where the subject performs a slightly different task: motion detection. In such a task, the subject reports a change in the coherence of dot motion. The sensitivity of an MT neuron is judged by how different its firing rate is before and after the motion stimulus changes. Figure 3A shows an example ...
... where the subject performs a slightly different task: motion detection. In such a task, the subject reports a change in the coherence of dot motion. The sensitivity of an MT neuron is judged by how different its firing rate is before and after the motion stimulus changes. Figure 3A shows an example ...
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review
... popular concept that the cognitive decline associated with normal aging is brought about by a significant loss of cortical neurons. In the first studies of the effects of age on the human cortex Brody (1955, 1970) concluded that as many as 50% of neurons are lost with age. Other investigators concur ...
... popular concept that the cognitive decline associated with normal aging is brought about by a significant loss of cortical neurons. In the first studies of the effects of age on the human cortex Brody (1955, 1970) concluded that as many as 50% of neurons are lost with age. Other investigators concur ...
neuro 2009 - addiction education home
... ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: A lot of studies were directed to explore the relation between drug abuse and neuropsychological functions. Some studies reported that even after a long duration of disappearance of withdrawal or intoxication symptoms, many patients have obvious deterioration of cognitive funct ...
... ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: A lot of studies were directed to explore the relation between drug abuse and neuropsychological functions. Some studies reported that even after a long duration of disappearance of withdrawal or intoxication symptoms, many patients have obvious deterioration of cognitive funct ...
CocaineQQQ
... Freebase/crack cocaine. Freebase/crack is derived from cocaine hydrochloride which has been chemically treated with ammonia (freebase) or baking-powder (crack) to free the potent base material from the salt. Free-base was originally produced by a dangerous four-or-five step process in which the ...
... Freebase/crack cocaine. Freebase/crack is derived from cocaine hydrochloride which has been chemically treated with ammonia (freebase) or baking-powder (crack) to free the potent base material from the salt. Free-base was originally produced by a dangerous four-or-five step process in which the ...
Polarization-sensitive and light-sensitive neurons in two parallel
... parallel pathways originating in the medulla provide, via two subunits of the AOTu, visual input to two subunits of the central complex, the upper and lower divisions of the central body. To provide direct evidence for a role of the AOTu in polarization vision, we characterized the responses of AOTu ...
... parallel pathways originating in the medulla provide, via two subunits of the AOTu, visual input to two subunits of the central complex, the upper and lower divisions of the central body. To provide direct evidence for a role of the AOTu in polarization vision, we characterized the responses of AOTu ...
Dissertation 20161009 Text Citations
... Core Face Processing System. Various studies have also identified the core face perception system, including the occipital and fusiform face areas and the posterior superior temporal sulcus. In fMRI studies, the fusiform face area (FFA) and, more generally, the fusiform gyri, were found to have bila ...
... Core Face Processing System. Various studies have also identified the core face perception system, including the occipital and fusiform face areas and the posterior superior temporal sulcus. In fMRI studies, the fusiform face area (FFA) and, more generally, the fusiform gyri, were found to have bila ...
neuroanatomy - NC State Veterinary Medicine
... intermediate, and profundus) alternating with 4 of fibers (strata zonale, opticum, album intermediale, and album profundum). Retinotectal fibers generally pass through the stratum opticum, and enter the superficial and intermediate gray layers. Corticotectal fibers enter via the stratum album profun ...
... intermediate, and profundus) alternating with 4 of fibers (strata zonale, opticum, album intermediale, and album profundum). Retinotectal fibers generally pass through the stratum opticum, and enter the superficial and intermediate gray layers. Corticotectal fibers enter via the stratum album profun ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
... SNr/GPi, thereby counteracting inhibition they were receiving in the direct pathway (Alexander and Crutcher 1990). Consequently, it was proposed that any imbalance between the relative strengths of the direct and indirect pathways could lead to movement disorders (Albin et al. 1989). Recent experime ...
... SNr/GPi, thereby counteracting inhibition they were receiving in the direct pathway (Alexander and Crutcher 1990). Consequently, it was proposed that any imbalance between the relative strengths of the direct and indirect pathways could lead to movement disorders (Albin et al. 1989). Recent experime ...
Early Pharmacological Treatment of Autism: A
... Reelin is a glycoprotein that has a fundamental neurodevelopmental role in the laminar and columnar organization of the cortex. It interacts with brain-derived neurotrophic factor to facilitate neuronal and glial migration and organization (Alcantara et al 2006). Normal cortical development and matu ...
... Reelin is a glycoprotein that has a fundamental neurodevelopmental role in the laminar and columnar organization of the cortex. It interacts with brain-derived neurotrophic factor to facilitate neuronal and glial migration and organization (Alcantara et al 2006). Normal cortical development and matu ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.