Olfaction in Invertebrates: Manduca. In: Squire LR (ed). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, vol 7, pp 49-57. Oxford: Academic Press.
... of coactivity of glomeruli that had been active during odor stimulation shortly before. Moreover, during the first few minutes after odor presentation, correlations between the spontaneous activity fluctuations suffice to reconstruct the stimulus. These results were interpreted to reflect modifiable ...
... of coactivity of glomeruli that had been active during odor stimulation shortly before. Moreover, during the first few minutes after odor presentation, correlations between the spontaneous activity fluctuations suffice to reconstruct the stimulus. These results were interpreted to reflect modifiable ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... and meaningful objects is achieved. High-level vision is associated with anatomically-focal, functionally-defined brain areas in human occipitotemporal cortex, usually localized using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These “category-sensitive” areas are typically inferred to be speciali ...
... and meaningful objects is achieved. High-level vision is associated with anatomically-focal, functionally-defined brain areas in human occipitotemporal cortex, usually localized using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These “category-sensitive” areas are typically inferred to be speciali ...
Foundation and practice of neurofeedback for the treatment of epilepsy
... thalamus (Howe & Sterman, 1972), which are generally concerned with conducting afferent somatosensory information (Fig. 1). During conditioned SMR production, nVB firing patterns shift from fast and non-rhythmic (tonic) discharges to systematic, rhythmic bursts of discharges (Harper & Sterman, 1972) ...
... thalamus (Howe & Sterman, 1972), which are generally concerned with conducting afferent somatosensory information (Fig. 1). During conditioned SMR production, nVB firing patterns shift from fast and non-rhythmic (tonic) discharges to systematic, rhythmic bursts of discharges (Harper & Sterman, 1972) ...
Neurotransmitters: Their Role Within the Body
... glutamate, which is used at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is GABA, which is used at more than 90% of the synapses that don't use glutamate. Note, however, that even though other transmitters are used in far fewer synapses, they may be very important functi ...
... glutamate, which is used at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is GABA, which is used at more than 90% of the synapses that don't use glutamate. Note, however, that even though other transmitters are used in far fewer synapses, they may be very important functi ...
Motor Cortical Networks for Skilled Movements Have Reaching
... In this study, each task trial was classified as either “successful” or “unsuccessful” depending on whether or not the animal was able to reach the food pellet and cover it with its paw in one smoothly performed attempt, as determined by video analysis. The reaching task that was chosen for these ex ...
... In this study, each task trial was classified as either “successful” or “unsuccessful” depending on whether or not the animal was able to reach the food pellet and cover it with its paw in one smoothly performed attempt, as determined by video analysis. The reaching task that was chosen for these ex ...
C6.4 PPT - Destiny High School
... • The left and right cerebral hemispheres are collectively referred to as the cerebrum, which makes up the largest portion of the brain. – cerebral cortex – the outer surface of the cerebrum • Gyrus – the brain surface is not smooth. Each of the curved, raised areas are called gyrus. • Sulcus – each ...
... • The left and right cerebral hemispheres are collectively referred to as the cerebrum, which makes up the largest portion of the brain. – cerebral cortex – the outer surface of the cerebrum • Gyrus – the brain surface is not smooth. Each of the curved, raised areas are called gyrus. • Sulcus – each ...
Development of the Auditory Areas
... consecutive exposures to [3Hjthymidine during embryonic life. Each graph represents the proportion of neurons generated from E13 to E21 in separate layers (11top graph to VI-bottom graph) based on data combined from all areas of the auditory cortex that were analyzed. Vertical hatched lines indicate ...
... consecutive exposures to [3Hjthymidine during embryonic life. Each graph represents the proportion of neurons generated from E13 to E21 in separate layers (11top graph to VI-bottom graph) based on data combined from all areas of the auditory cortex that were analyzed. Vertical hatched lines indicate ...
Vocal Control Neuron Incorporation Decreases with Age in the Adult
... projection neurons that form part of the efferent pathway controlling learned song production. Although it is known that HVC receives new neurons well into adulthood, it is unknown whether this occurs at a constant rate or declines with adult age. We used [ 3H]thymidine to label new HVC neurons in m ...
... projection neurons that form part of the efferent pathway controlling learned song production. Although it is known that HVC receives new neurons well into adulthood, it is unknown whether this occurs at a constant rate or declines with adult age. We used [ 3H]thymidine to label new HVC neurons in m ...
Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory
... response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of the initial activating RF at high contrast. Second lateral connections can enlarge the RF at low contrast by pooling information from larger regions of cortex that are otherwise ineft%ctive when high contrast thalamic inpnt is driving the ...
... response.Fit, direct thalamic input can determine the size of the initial activating RF at high contrast. Second lateral connections can enlarge the RF at low contrast by pooling information from larger regions of cortex that are otherwise ineft%ctive when high contrast thalamic inpnt is driving the ...
Chronic multiunit recordings in behaving animals: advantages and
... the interaction between neurons, and thereby gain insight into the network properties of neural processing, instead of the functioning of individual neurons. Here we will discuss a method for recording in behaving animals that uses chronically implanted micro-electrodes that allow one to track neura ...
... the interaction between neurons, and thereby gain insight into the network properties of neural processing, instead of the functioning of individual neurons. Here we will discuss a method for recording in behaving animals that uses chronically implanted micro-electrodes that allow one to track neura ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... cerebral spinal fluid containing nominally zero magnesium. The neocortical slices (400-mm thick) were harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats (P21–28). Optical imaging was made by using a high speed photodiode array. Spontaneous epileptiform activity emerged 20 – 40 min after the preparation was perfused ...
... cerebral spinal fluid containing nominally zero magnesium. The neocortical slices (400-mm thick) were harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats (P21–28). Optical imaging was made by using a high speed photodiode array. Spontaneous epileptiform activity emerged 20 – 40 min after the preparation was perfused ...
The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Age and Alzheimer`s Disease
... transferase (ChAT) was not reduced in post mortem neocortical tissues of those recently diagnosed with mild AD. As a result, the authors suggested that: 1) it is unlikely that a cholinergic marker could be used as an early indicator of AD; 2) it is unlikely that a cholinergic deficit could be identi ...
... transferase (ChAT) was not reduced in post mortem neocortical tissues of those recently diagnosed with mild AD. As a result, the authors suggested that: 1) it is unlikely that a cholinergic marker could be used as an early indicator of AD; 2) it is unlikely that a cholinergic deficit could be identi ...
Neurodegenerative Changes in the Motor Cortex and Cerebellum in Wistar... Following Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis
... the motor cortex part of the brain concerned with motor function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neu ...
... the motor cortex part of the brain concerned with motor function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neu ...
Cerebral blood flow and gray matter volume covariance patterns of
... [Kaup et al., 2011]. Most studies demonstrated positive relationships between GMV and cognitive performance: larger brain volume associated with better cognitive performance. However, there were also findings of negative relationships and null results. Furthermore, this review found that relationship ...
... [Kaup et al., 2011]. Most studies demonstrated positive relationships between GMV and cognitive performance: larger brain volume associated with better cognitive performance. However, there were also findings of negative relationships and null results. Furthermore, this review found that relationship ...
Randy Kobes Poster Contest Workshop
... belong to and where they are in space. In standard clinical practice, doctors use MRI to detect large causes of cognitive decline such as stroke and tumours. These scans cannot detect more subtle changes in the hippocampus. This project aims to develop more complex methods that reveal details which ...
... belong to and where they are in space. In standard clinical practice, doctors use MRI to detect large causes of cognitive decline such as stroke and tumours. These scans cannot detect more subtle changes in the hippocampus. This project aims to develop more complex methods that reveal details which ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... Data are based on results from 8 adult barn owls (Tyto alba) of both sexes. Details regarding stereotaxis, surgery, acoustic stimulation, and postoperative care are available elsewhere (Takahashi and Konishi, 1986). Below, we shall refer to the antigen, chick intestinal vitamin D-dependent calcium b ...
... Data are based on results from 8 adult barn owls (Tyto alba) of both sexes. Details regarding stereotaxis, surgery, acoustic stimulation, and postoperative care are available elsewhere (Takahashi and Konishi, 1986). Below, we shall refer to the antigen, chick intestinal vitamin D-dependent calcium b ...
Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of
... activates the insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS2)–phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. Neuronal deletion of insulin receptor and IRS2 results in increased food intake and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity.61,62 The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin was discovered by posit ...
... activates the insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS2)–phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. Neuronal deletion of insulin receptor and IRS2 results in increased food intake and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity.61,62 The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin was discovered by posit ...
Number and Laminar Distribution of Neurons in a
... previously estimated by extrapolations based on measurements of neuron density (sampled using Sterio’s disector method; Sterio 1984). However, the estimates for neuron density in rat somatosensory cortex varied by almost a factor of 2: between 48 000 per cubic millimeter (Beaulieu 1993) and 77 000 p ...
... previously estimated by extrapolations based on measurements of neuron density (sampled using Sterio’s disector method; Sterio 1984). However, the estimates for neuron density in rat somatosensory cortex varied by almost a factor of 2: between 48 000 per cubic millimeter (Beaulieu 1993) and 77 000 p ...
View PDF - e-Science Central
... events. Individuals were not enrolled in TRACTS if they had a history of the following illnesses: seizures; cerebrovascular accident; myocardial infarction; diabetes; current active suicidal, and/or homicidal ideation, intent or plan requiring crisis intervention, current DSM-IV-TR [40] diagnosis of ...
... events. Individuals were not enrolled in TRACTS if they had a history of the following illnesses: seizures; cerebrovascular accident; myocardial infarction; diabetes; current active suicidal, and/or homicidal ideation, intent or plan requiring crisis intervention, current DSM-IV-TR [40] diagnosis of ...
What Causes Eye Pain? | SpringerLink
... intensities near or over the level required to cause cell damage, stimulate a specific set of peripheral sensory nerve fibers generically named nociceptors [5]. These produce a discharge of nerve impulses that travel to the brain, encoding the spatial, and temporal characteristics of the noxious sti ...
... intensities near or over the level required to cause cell damage, stimulate a specific set of peripheral sensory nerve fibers generically named nociceptors [5]. These produce a discharge of nerve impulses that travel to the brain, encoding the spatial, and temporal characteristics of the noxious sti ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... the spherical basis functions and allow for the shape of the receptive field to depend on sound intensity. Similarly, the nonlinear dependence of mean latency on intensity is provided by introduction of the final term exp{ξi j η} in equation (1). Constrained optimization techniques were used to fit ...
... the spherical basis functions and allow for the shape of the receptive field to depend on sound intensity. Similarly, the nonlinear dependence of mean latency on intensity is provided by introduction of the final term exp{ξi j η} in equation (1). Constrained optimization techniques were used to fit ...
The Neuroscience of Spontaneous Thought: An Evolving
... processes by which thoughts are evoked (i.e. Smallwood & Schooler, 2006). For years, mindwandering has been defined as being either unrelated to the task at hand (as a task-unrelated thought) (e.g. Giambra, 1989) or as independent from external stimuli (as a stimulus-independent thought) (e.g. Teas ...
... processes by which thoughts are evoked (i.e. Smallwood & Schooler, 2006). For years, mindwandering has been defined as being either unrelated to the task at hand (as a task-unrelated thought) (e.g. Giambra, 1989) or as independent from external stimuli (as a stimulus-independent thought) (e.g. Teas ...
Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders
... canonical resting-state networks (RSNs) corresponding to critical brain functions including movement, vision, audition, language, episodic memory, executive function, and salience detection [10,11–15,16] among others. Linking RSNs to their putative functions is invariably based on inference, as by ...
... canonical resting-state networks (RSNs) corresponding to critical brain functions including movement, vision, audition, language, episodic memory, executive function, and salience detection [10,11–15,16] among others. Linking RSNs to their putative functions is invariably based on inference, as by ...
Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and
... activity of other neurons was found when spiking of peer neurons was assessed in 10–30 ms epochs (Figure 2; Jensen and Lisman, 1996, 2000; Harris et al., 2003; Kelemen and Fenton, 2010; Lansner, 2009). When two cells with distinct place fields (O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978) were examined their activity w ...
... activity of other neurons was found when spiking of peer neurons was assessed in 10–30 ms epochs (Figure 2; Jensen and Lisman, 1996, 2000; Harris et al., 2003; Kelemen and Fenton, 2010; Lansner, 2009). When two cells with distinct place fields (O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978) were examined their activity w ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.