Sensory Regeneration in Arthropods: Implications of Homoeosis
... The seeming paradox of rigorous connectivity versus vigorous regeneration in An element of paradox was there, virtually unnoticed, for decades: arthropods arthropods is partially resolved with the have long had the reputation for fixity of recognition that much of the normal develneural function and ...
... The seeming paradox of rigorous connectivity versus vigorous regeneration in An element of paradox was there, virtually unnoticed, for decades: arthropods arthropods is partially resolved with the have long had the reputation for fixity of recognition that much of the normal develneural function and ...
Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal
... its hands and legs and to put pieces of food into its mouth, after which also chewing and licking could be observed. If the neuron responded to more than one type of sensory stimulation it was classified as polysensory. If the neuron did not respond to any of the afore mentioned stimuli it was class ...
... its hands and legs and to put pieces of food into its mouth, after which also chewing and licking could be observed. If the neuron responded to more than one type of sensory stimulation it was classified as polysensory. If the neuron did not respond to any of the afore mentioned stimuli it was class ...
What Is the Nervous System?
... • Your nervous system receives information about what is going on inside and outside of your body. • Then it processes the information and forms a response to it. • *The basic unit of the nervous system is a type of cell called a neuron (NOOR ahn). ...
... • Your nervous system receives information about what is going on inside and outside of your body. • Then it processes the information and forms a response to it. • *The basic unit of the nervous system is a type of cell called a neuron (NOOR ahn). ...
Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of
... pain hypersensitivity was prominent at 24 h and still present, although diminished, at 96 h postincision. Peripheral nerve block (PNB) with popliteal fossa (PF) lidocaine injection given 24 h postincision resulted in strong preference for the chamber paired with PNB, demonstrating negative reinforce ...
... pain hypersensitivity was prominent at 24 h and still present, although diminished, at 96 h postincision. Peripheral nerve block (PNB) with popliteal fossa (PF) lidocaine injection given 24 h postincision resulted in strong preference for the chamber paired with PNB, demonstrating negative reinforce ...
Dopamine Neurons Mediate a Fast Excitatory Signal
... reliably elicits a delayed, apparently monosynaptic, excitatory response, which they argued originated from DA neurons; however, this could not be tested directly in the intact brain. Several other lines of evidence suggest that DA neurons may be glutamatergic. Kaneko et al. (1990) showed by immunos ...
... reliably elicits a delayed, apparently monosynaptic, excitatory response, which they argued originated from DA neurons; however, this could not be tested directly in the intact brain. Several other lines of evidence suggest that DA neurons may be glutamatergic. Kaneko et al. (1990) showed by immunos ...
Multiple System Atrophy
... system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system involves nerve signaling from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. CRPS is characterized by prolonged or excessive pain and mild or dramatic changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling in the aff ...
... system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system involves nerve signaling from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. CRPS is characterized by prolonged or excessive pain and mild or dramatic changes in skin color, temperature, and/or swelling in the aff ...
19 CORTICAL PROJECTIONS FROM TWO PRESTRIATE AREAS IN
... the striate-prestriate boundary (region of representation of the vertical meridian in area 18). The arrow on the surface view of the brain points to the lesion. The diagrams show the degeneration following such a lesion. Neither this nor subsequent diagrams are intended to give a picture of the lami ...
... the striate-prestriate boundary (region of representation of the vertical meridian in area 18). The arrow on the surface view of the brain points to the lesion. The diagrams show the degeneration following such a lesion. Neither this nor subsequent diagrams are intended to give a picture of the lami ...
Principles of Neural Science
... The Skeletomotor Circuit Engages Specific Portions of the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus Since movement disorders are prominent in diseases of the basal ganglia, it is appropriate here to focus on the skeletomotor circuit. In primates the skeletomotor circuit originates in the cerebral ...
... The Skeletomotor Circuit Engages Specific Portions of the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus Since movement disorders are prominent in diseases of the basal ganglia, it is appropriate here to focus on the skeletomotor circuit. In primates the skeletomotor circuit originates in the cerebral ...
cp_kellermann_launay_17092010
... the mechanisms of action of these drugs which have been used for more than 30 years and are heavily consumed in France. In particular, the researchers have revealed, for the first time, a sequence of reactions caused by Prozac at the neuron level, which contributes to an increase in the amounts of s ...
... the mechanisms of action of these drugs which have been used for more than 30 years and are heavily consumed in France. In particular, the researchers have revealed, for the first time, a sequence of reactions caused by Prozac at the neuron level, which contributes to an increase in the amounts of s ...
BRAINSTEM
... plexiform layer, w/ ganglion cells in inner plexiform layer. 2 types: ROD – synapses from many rod cells = less acuity, greater sensitivity. CONE – synapses from few cone cells = high acuity. Function: Link photoreceptors directly to retinal projection neurons (ganglion cells) (Ref: NA 167,169) Loca ...
... plexiform layer, w/ ganglion cells in inner plexiform layer. 2 types: ROD – synapses from many rod cells = less acuity, greater sensitivity. CONE – synapses from few cone cells = high acuity. Function: Link photoreceptors directly to retinal projection neurons (ganglion cells) (Ref: NA 167,169) Loca ...
MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN LACTATING RATS STIMULATES c
... behaviour that included milk letdown. Both groups of dams had a similar number of 67,000 mol. wt glutamate decarboxylaseimmunoreactive cells in each site, although the number of 67,000 mol. wt glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive cells per microscopic ®eld was signi®cantly greater in the caudal ve ...
... behaviour that included milk letdown. Both groups of dams had a similar number of 67,000 mol. wt glutamate decarboxylaseimmunoreactive cells in each site, although the number of 67,000 mol. wt glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive cells per microscopic ®eld was signi®cantly greater in the caudal ve ...
Categorical perception of somesthetic stimuli: psychophysical
... class of neurons of SI cortex respond by increasing their impulse rates as a function of the stimulus speeds. However, the same class of neurons of SI cortex also responded when the same stimuli were delivered passively. These findings suggest that the neural processes associated with the ability to ...
... class of neurons of SI cortex respond by increasing their impulse rates as a function of the stimulus speeds. However, the same class of neurons of SI cortex also responded when the same stimuli were delivered passively. These findings suggest that the neural processes associated with the ability to ...
1. Materials and Methods
... action. This was assessed by playing back the sound of the best action through a loudspeaker, and visually inspecting histograms of the response induced by this sound. Full testing of the best and less effective action then involved 3 ‘sensory’ conditions: vision-andsound (‘V+S’), vision-only (‘V’) ...
... action. This was assessed by playing back the sound of the best action through a loudspeaker, and visually inspecting histograms of the response induced by this sound. Full testing of the best and less effective action then involved 3 ‘sensory’ conditions: vision-andsound (‘V+S’), vision-only (‘V’) ...
Association of type I neurons positive for NADPH
... repeatedly demonstrated in multiple species (Kostovic and Rakic, 1980; Sandell, 1986; Chun and Shatz, 1989; Yan et al., 1996; Clancy et al., 2001; Jovanov-Milosevic et al., 2009; Suarez-Sola et al., 2009). Recent experiments have shown that at least some of these send long-distance connections into ...
... repeatedly demonstrated in multiple species (Kostovic and Rakic, 1980; Sandell, 1986; Chun and Shatz, 1989; Yan et al., 1996; Clancy et al., 2001; Jovanov-Milosevic et al., 2009; Suarez-Sola et al., 2009). Recent experiments have shown that at least some of these send long-distance connections into ...
Making Arm Movements Within Different Parts of Space: Dynamic
... of muscular activity or joint variables. A third interesting possibility is that information from both of thesedomains of representationare combined to code direction of movement. These alternatives can be testedexperimentally assumingthat a salient property of motor cortical cells is their directio ...
... of muscular activity or joint variables. A third interesting possibility is that information from both of thesedomains of representationare combined to code direction of movement. These alternatives can be testedexperimentally assumingthat a salient property of motor cortical cells is their directio ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... comprises the largest part of the hindbrain. The cerebellum’s important function is to regulate neural signals in other parts of the brain, and it does this through loops of interaction. Currently, we know most about its regulatory actions on the populations of neurons that command movement and post ...
... comprises the largest part of the hindbrain. The cerebellum’s important function is to regulate neural signals in other parts of the brain, and it does this through loops of interaction. Currently, we know most about its regulatory actions on the populations of neurons that command movement and post ...
here - Aerotoxic Association
... variously referred to in the literature as: “chronic neurobehavioral effects,”11 “chronic organophosphateinduced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND),50 “psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure,”51 “central nervous system effects of chronic exposure,”52 “psychological and neurological alterations,”53 ...
... variously referred to in the literature as: “chronic neurobehavioral effects,”11 “chronic organophosphateinduced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND),50 “psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure,”51 “central nervous system effects of chronic exposure,”52 “psychological and neurological alterations,”53 ...
A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain
... nervous system nuclei is usually based on cytoarchitecture, rather than on fiber architecture, although the patterns of connections of a nucleus are obviously important. A major problem is that it is unclear to what extent the calbindin-positive axons in this case terminate in the proposed nucleus a ...
... nervous system nuclei is usually based on cytoarchitecture, rather than on fiber architecture, although the patterns of connections of a nucleus are obviously important. A major problem is that it is unclear to what extent the calbindin-positive axons in this case terminate in the proposed nucleus a ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... frontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and a massive dopaminergic input from the midbrain. The VS projects to the ventral pallidum (VP) and to the VTA/SN, which, in turn, project back to the prefrontal cortex, via the medial dorsal (MD) nucleus of the thalamus. This circuit is an i ...
... frontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and a massive dopaminergic input from the midbrain. The VS projects to the ventral pallidum (VP) and to the VTA/SN, which, in turn, project back to the prefrontal cortex, via the medial dorsal (MD) nucleus of the thalamus. This circuit is an i ...
Monoaminergic dysfunction in recreational users of
... TMT and RAVLT were grouped and SART was analyzed in a separate MANOVA as well as results for mood and impulsivity questionnaires. Striatal DAT binding ratios measured with SPECT for whole striatum and putamen and caudate nucleus separately were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. PhMRI data was an ...
... TMT and RAVLT were grouped and SART was analyzed in a separate MANOVA as well as results for mood and impulsivity questionnaires. Striatal DAT binding ratios measured with SPECT for whole striatum and putamen and caudate nucleus separately were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. PhMRI data was an ...
Insights into decision making using choice probability
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
here - University of California San Diego
... NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 6:6079 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7079 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications ...
... NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 6:6079 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7079 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... the medial tip of the STN has reciprocal projections with the primate limbic pallidum (ventral pallidum (VP) in rodents), whereas the lSTN preferentially interacts with the external pallidal segment (globus pallidus in rodents) and entopeduncular nucleus [2, 21– 23]. In primates (but not rodents), t ...
... the medial tip of the STN has reciprocal projections with the primate limbic pallidum (ventral pallidum (VP) in rodents), whereas the lSTN preferentially interacts with the external pallidal segment (globus pallidus in rodents) and entopeduncular nucleus [2, 21– 23]. In primates (but not rodents), t ...
The visual-oculomotor striatum of the cat: functional relationship to
... interjacent and medial zones. The suprageniculate nucleus also contained heavy labeling rostrally and more sparse label caudally. Scattered labeled cells were also present within the posterior nuclear group, the caudal division of the lateral zone of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the pulvi ...
... interjacent and medial zones. The suprageniculate nucleus also contained heavy labeling rostrally and more sparse label caudally. Scattered labeled cells were also present within the posterior nuclear group, the caudal division of the lateral zone of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the pulvi ...
Abnormal Neurotransmitter Release Underlying Behavioral and
... enzyme-selective microelectrodes in rats performing the same task (this method and related experiments are described in more detail below in the section on ‘Impact on the development of pharmacotherapeutics’ below; Parikh et al, 2006). These analyses support the conclusion that the release measured ...
... enzyme-selective microelectrodes in rats performing the same task (this method and related experiments are described in more detail below in the section on ‘Impact on the development of pharmacotherapeutics’ below; Parikh et al, 2006). These analyses support the conclusion that the release measured ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.