Biological Rhythms: 2 Day Circadian Examples Biorhythms
... triggers the return to NREM. Drugs that boost 5HT (like antidepressants) can decrease REM. • Drugs that stimulate ACh receptors during sleep quickly move people to REM (like Nicotine patch or smoking ...
... triggers the return to NREM. Drugs that boost 5HT (like antidepressants) can decrease REM. • Drugs that stimulate ACh receptors during sleep quickly move people to REM (like Nicotine patch or smoking ...
Revised_BJP_MS_
... Experiments were carried out on male Sprague Dawley rats (weight 220-260g; Harlan, UK), housed singly in plastic bottomed cages (45 X 25 X 20 cm) containing wood shavings as bedding. The animals were maintained at a constant temperature (21 ± 2°C) under standard lighting conditions (12:12 h light–da ...
... Experiments were carried out on male Sprague Dawley rats (weight 220-260g; Harlan, UK), housed singly in plastic bottomed cages (45 X 25 X 20 cm) containing wood shavings as bedding. The animals were maintained at a constant temperature (21 ± 2°C) under standard lighting conditions (12:12 h light–da ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... further hypofunctioning of the glutamatergic system through feedback mechanisms. Several classes of compounds, including benzodiazepines (BZD), muscurinic receptor antagonist and haloperidol, blocked NMDAinduced neurotoxicity in the posterior cingulate and retrospenial regions of experimental animal ...
... further hypofunctioning of the glutamatergic system through feedback mechanisms. Several classes of compounds, including benzodiazepines (BZD), muscurinic receptor antagonist and haloperidol, blocked NMDAinduced neurotoxicity in the posterior cingulate and retrospenial regions of experimental animal ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... in fixative containing sucrose (30%), and cut frozen on a sliding microtome at 30 µm in the coronal plane. Sections were collected and stored in ice-cold 0.1 M PBS in all but the one case perfused with I 0% formolsaline. In the latter, sections were collected and stored (for 1 month) in the fixative ...
... in fixative containing sucrose (30%), and cut frozen on a sliding microtome at 30 µm in the coronal plane. Sections were collected and stored in ice-cold 0.1 M PBS in all but the one case perfused with I 0% formolsaline. In the latter, sections were collected and stored (for 1 month) in the fixative ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... form of regression (Methods), to decode behaviour based on all neurons (Fig. 3). Each behavioural session was treated separately. The behavioural features measured touch (whisker curvature changes; Fig. 1d) and movements (whisking set-point, whisking amplitude and licking; Methods and Fig. 1d, f). T ...
... form of regression (Methods), to decode behaviour based on all neurons (Fig. 3). Each behavioural session was treated separately. The behavioural features measured touch (whisker curvature changes; Fig. 1d) and movements (whisking set-point, whisking amplitude and licking; Methods and Fig. 1d, f). T ...
Activities of the Primary and Supplementary Motor Areas Increase in
... and the other did not (i.e., isometric). All the tasks were performed with the subject’s right hand. For the sake of analysis, each trial was divided into three different phases: “premotor”, “motor”, and “postmotor” for all the tasks. In the muscle relaxation mode under movement condition (R_mv), th ...
... and the other did not (i.e., isometric). All the tasks were performed with the subject’s right hand. For the sake of analysis, each trial was divided into three different phases: “premotor”, “motor”, and “postmotor” for all the tasks. In the muscle relaxation mode under movement condition (R_mv), th ...
Coding of Auditory-Stimulus Identity in the Auditory Non
... In contrast, in the ventral auditory pathway, the computational mechanisms that lead from the coding of the sensory features of an auditory stimulus to higher-order representations are relatively unknown. In particular, it is not known how (or even whether) information is transformed between areas o ...
... In contrast, in the ventral auditory pathway, the computational mechanisms that lead from the coding of the sensory features of an auditory stimulus to higher-order representations are relatively unknown. In particular, it is not known how (or even whether) information is transformed between areas o ...
CN V - Trigeminal
... and inferior colliculus Superior olivary nucleus is also receiving input from contralateral cochlear nuclei Superior olivary nucleus projects to inferior colliculus Inferior colliculus projects to thalamus ...
... and inferior colliculus Superior olivary nucleus is also receiving input from contralateral cochlear nuclei Superior olivary nucleus projects to inferior colliculus Inferior colliculus projects to thalamus ...
The Familial Dysautonomia disease gene, Ikbkap/Elp1, is required
... (Niedermeyer et al., 1967, Ochoa, 2003). Neuroimaging studies (MRI and DTI) demonstrate both white and gray matter microstructural damage in FD brains (Axelrod et al., 2010) and pathological studies revealed enlarged 4th ventricles associated with atrophy in the medulla (Engel and Aring, 1945, Cohen ...
... (Niedermeyer et al., 1967, Ochoa, 2003). Neuroimaging studies (MRI and DTI) demonstrate both white and gray matter microstructural damage in FD brains (Axelrod et al., 2010) and pathological studies revealed enlarged 4th ventricles associated with atrophy in the medulla (Engel and Aring, 1945, Cohen ...
1 - Projeto Andar de Novo
... Anatomy Department of the Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas Glatiramer acetate (GA) has been indicated for reduction of the frequency of the relapses in patients with remittent/recurrent multiple sclerosis. Although effective, the GA’s therapeutic mechanism(s) is (are) not totally clear. However, ...
... Anatomy Department of the Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas Glatiramer acetate (GA) has been indicated for reduction of the frequency of the relapses in patients with remittent/recurrent multiple sclerosis. Although effective, the GA’s therapeutic mechanism(s) is (are) not totally clear. However, ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
... Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e ...
... Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e ...
cur op e-print version
... pitted against the electrical reward in a forced-choice paradigm. When the electrical stimulation was weak, the rats chose the sucrose; increasing the stimulation frequency reversed the preference. Most importantly, the presence of the sucrose led the rats to forgo stimulation trains for which they ...
... pitted against the electrical reward in a forced-choice paradigm. When the electrical stimulation was weak, the rats chose the sucrose; increasing the stimulation frequency reversed the preference. Most importantly, the presence of the sucrose led the rats to forgo stimulation trains for which they ...
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic
... occur along sensory transmission pathways, from peripheral nociceptors, spinal dorsal horn synapses, thalamic neurons as well as cortical cells. noxious stimuli are significantly enhanced, and in allodynia, previously non-noxious stimuli cause behavioural nociceptive responses such as cold stimuli o ...
... occur along sensory transmission pathways, from peripheral nociceptors, spinal dorsal horn synapses, thalamic neurons as well as cortical cells. noxious stimuli are significantly enhanced, and in allodynia, previously non-noxious stimuli cause behavioural nociceptive responses such as cold stimuli o ...
The Octopus: A Model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of
... of neurophysiological tools for testing the neural circuits mediating learning and memory in the brains of octopus and other cephalopods. Now, for the first time, the adaptation of modern neurophysiological methods to the study of the central nervous system of the octopus allows this avenue of resea ...
... of neurophysiological tools for testing the neural circuits mediating learning and memory in the brains of octopus and other cephalopods. Now, for the first time, the adaptation of modern neurophysiological methods to the study of the central nervous system of the octopus allows this avenue of resea ...
PROJECTIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID BODY TO THE INSULAR
... (Fig. 1). It is usually divided into agranular insular cortex, localized around the rhinal sulcus and granular insular cortex lying mainly on the surface of the anterior sylvian gyrus. There are two parts of the insular granular cortex: anterior and posterior; that partition. seems to have mainly to ...
... (Fig. 1). It is usually divided into agranular insular cortex, localized around the rhinal sulcus and granular insular cortex lying mainly on the surface of the anterior sylvian gyrus. There are two parts of the insular granular cortex: anterior and posterior; that partition. seems to have mainly to ...
Chapter 21: Control and Coordination
... cell body. Notice the branching at the end of the axon. This allows the impulses to move to many other muscles, neurons, or ...
... cell body. Notice the branching at the end of the axon. This allows the impulses to move to many other muscles, neurons, or ...
Brainstem3_2009
... and inferior colliculus Superior olivary nucleus is also receiving input from contralateral cochlear nuclei Superior olivary nucleus projects to inferior colliculus Inferior colliculus projects to thalamus ...
... and inferior colliculus Superior olivary nucleus is also receiving input from contralateral cochlear nuclei Superior olivary nucleus projects to inferior colliculus Inferior colliculus projects to thalamus ...
Antioxidant Enzymes in Brain Cortex of Rats
... and decreased oxidized/reduced GSH ratio, causing redox disturbances (MÖLLER et al. 2011). The recent study of SHAO et al. (2015) indicated opposite effects of social isolation after 8 weeks, in which SOD, CAT, GPx activities and total AO capacity decreased and H2O2 level increased, particularly in ...
... and decreased oxidized/reduced GSH ratio, causing redox disturbances (MÖLLER et al. 2011). The recent study of SHAO et al. (2015) indicated opposite effects of social isolation after 8 weeks, in which SOD, CAT, GPx activities and total AO capacity decreased and H2O2 level increased, particularly in ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... The present experiments aimed to compare the length of seizure activity with the time-related increase of transmitter release and the induction of c-fos gene expression in the striatum of the rat. Anesthetized Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 7 mg/kg 4-aminopyridine, and the transmitt ...
... The present experiments aimed to compare the length of seizure activity with the time-related increase of transmitter release and the induction of c-fos gene expression in the striatum of the rat. Anesthetized Wistar rats were intraperitoneally treated with 7 mg/kg 4-aminopyridine, and the transmitt ...
Attention maps in the brain - Site BU
... cognition operates on no more than a few items at once. Given these limitations, what we do or do not perceive is largely determined by attentional mechanisms that select information for enhanced cognitive processing. Spatial representations are a fundamental aspect of information coding within the ...
... cognition operates on no more than a few items at once. Given these limitations, what we do or do not perceive is largely determined by attentional mechanisms that select information for enhanced cognitive processing. Spatial representations are a fundamental aspect of information coding within the ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and
... posterior regions that are represented in some schemes. The most fine-grained scheme (Lewis and Van Essen, 2000a; Figure 2C) is based on immunohistochemical as well as cyto and myeloarchitecture and includes seven distinct areas (7a, LIPd, LIPv, VIP, MIP, MDP, and DP) plus additional architectonic z ...
... posterior regions that are represented in some schemes. The most fine-grained scheme (Lewis and Van Essen, 2000a; Figure 2C) is based on immunohistochemical as well as cyto and myeloarchitecture and includes seven distinct areas (7a, LIPd, LIPv, VIP, MIP, MDP, and DP) plus additional architectonic z ...
Pathways for emotions and memory
... The anterior thalamic nuclei are a key link in pathways associated with emotions and memory. In the preceding study we found that one of the anterior nuclei, the anterior medial (AM), had particularly robust connections with specific medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices and moderate connecti ...
... The anterior thalamic nuclei are a key link in pathways associated with emotions and memory. In the preceding study we found that one of the anterior nuclei, the anterior medial (AM), had particularly robust connections with specific medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices and moderate connecti ...
Functional Connectivity during Surround Suppression in
... feedback connections, the underlying circuitry for surround modulation remain unidentified. Since most of these models have been relying on single neuron recordings, the contribution of lateral connections can only be suggested from the surround field properties. A more straightforward approach woul ...
... feedback connections, the underlying circuitry for surround modulation remain unidentified. Since most of these models have been relying on single neuron recordings, the contribution of lateral connections can only be suggested from the surround field properties. A more straightforward approach woul ...
The role of neuronal synchronization in selective attention
... change had occurred. This finding suggests that the processing or the signalling of a sensory change is more efficient when it is handled by an area that is engaged in enhanced gamma-band synchronization [6]. Importantly, the influence of local synchronization of behavioural responses was spatiall ...
... change had occurred. This finding suggests that the processing or the signalling of a sensory change is more efficient when it is handled by an area that is engaged in enhanced gamma-band synchronization [6]. Importantly, the influence of local synchronization of behavioural responses was spatiall ...
Cognitive spatial-motor processes
... have also been observed in several subsequent studies (Kubota and Hamada 1979; Kubota and Funahashi 1982; Weinrich et al. 1984; Wise et al. 1986; Lecas et al. 1986). In the present study we focused on the systematic study of changes in neuronal activity in tasks with or without delay with respect to ...
... have also been observed in several subsequent studies (Kubota and Hamada 1979; Kubota and Funahashi 1982; Weinrich et al. 1984; Wise et al. 1986; Lecas et al. 1986). In the present study we focused on the systematic study of changes in neuronal activity in tasks with or without delay with respect to ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.