Scaling self-organizing maps to model large cortical networks
... that allows much larger networks to be simulated in a given computation time and in a given amount of memory. The simulations begin with a small network, which is gradually scaled up as it self-organizes. This approach is effective for two reasons: (1) pruning-based self-organizing models tend to ha ...
... that allows much larger networks to be simulated in a given computation time and in a given amount of memory. The simulations begin with a small network, which is gradually scaled up as it self-organizes. This approach is effective for two reasons: (1) pruning-based self-organizing models tend to ha ...
Does the sound of a barking dog activate its corresponding visual
... study, we sought to investigate whether some of these potential candidate ‘spoke’ regions (see Section 2) would show conjoint activation with the ATL hub region during a task involving semantic processing, and whether the differential roles of the hub and spoke regions can be observed by virtue of t ...
... study, we sought to investigate whether some of these potential candidate ‘spoke’ regions (see Section 2) would show conjoint activation with the ATL hub region during a task involving semantic processing, and whether the differential roles of the hub and spoke regions can be observed by virtue of t ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... NMDA receptorswhile increasingthe activation of quisqualate receptors. If indeed Zn is coreleasedwith synaptically releasedglutamate, it might not only modify the postsynaptic effects of glutamate during the brief exposuresassociatedwith normal synaptic transmission, but it could also importantly mo ...
... NMDA receptorswhile increasingthe activation of quisqualate receptors. If indeed Zn is coreleasedwith synaptically releasedglutamate, it might not only modify the postsynaptic effects of glutamate during the brief exposuresassociatedwith normal synaptic transmission, but it could also importantly mo ...
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... ‘‘good’’? Note, such preferences are not fixed either. For example, a person may gradually dislike a sweet taste. The term ‘‘pain’’ is not necessarily ‘‘low level’’ either. For example, the loss of a family member is also called pain. The same is also true for sweet sensation. For example, home is ‘ ...
... ‘‘good’’? Note, such preferences are not fixed either. For example, a person may gradually dislike a sweet taste. The term ‘‘pain’’ is not necessarily ‘‘low level’’ either. For example, the loss of a family member is also called pain. The same is also true for sweet sensation. For example, home is ‘ ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... unique extraauditory anatomic relation of these regions. Ascending and descending influences from the IC, particularly the extralemniscal component, were stronger for group TL 0 . Altered converging effects on auditory cortex (AC) from the two parallel paths were noted from the ventral division of m ...
... unique extraauditory anatomic relation of these regions. Ascending and descending influences from the IC, particularly the extralemniscal component, were stronger for group TL 0 . Altered converging effects on auditory cortex (AC) from the two parallel paths were noted from the ventral division of m ...
Viral vector-based tools advance knowledge of basal ganglia
... physiology. J Neurophysiol 115: 2124 –2146, 2016. First published February 17, 2016; doi:10.1152/jn.01131.2015.—Viral vectors were originally developed to deliver genes into host cells for therapeutic potential. However, viral vector use in neuroscience research has increased because they enhance in ...
... physiology. J Neurophysiol 115: 2124 –2146, 2016. First published February 17, 2016; doi:10.1152/jn.01131.2015.—Viral vectors were originally developed to deliver genes into host cells for therapeutic potential. However, viral vector use in neuroscience research has increased because they enhance in ...
Berridge, K.C.Brain reward systems for food incentives and
... Third, it is possible that most aspects of brain reward systems will function even more normally than suggested by the passively distorted consequence model above. Many compensatory changes can take place in response to physiological alterations, to oppose them via homeostatic or negative feedback c ...
... Third, it is possible that most aspects of brain reward systems will function even more normally than suggested by the passively distorted consequence model above. Many compensatory changes can take place in response to physiological alterations, to oppose them via homeostatic or negative feedback c ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... from agranular to eulaminate, have similar features. In addition, we used multidimensional analyses to see if, and how, prefrontal areas form clusters when multiple features are considered simultaneously. We used quantitative unbiased sampling procedures to estimate the areal and laminar density of ...
... from agranular to eulaminate, have similar features. In addition, we used multidimensional analyses to see if, and how, prefrontal areas form clusters when multiple features are considered simultaneously. We used quantitative unbiased sampling procedures to estimate the areal and laminar density of ...
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... zone et al. 1992a,b). In all of these cases, experience-dependent plasticity is specific to the stimuli that were attended to during behavior and passive exposure does not cause enduring changes in neuronal responses (Recanzone et al. 1993; Weinberger 1998; Weinberger and Bakin 1998). These results ...
... zone et al. 1992a,b). In all of these cases, experience-dependent plasticity is specific to the stimuli that were attended to during behavior and passive exposure does not cause enduring changes in neuronal responses (Recanzone et al. 1993; Weinberger 1998; Weinberger and Bakin 1998). These results ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... We also compared the three different calibration grids utilized throughout this entire study by making a series of electron micrographs on the same day and found no significant deformation between the oldest and the newest ones. No attempt was made to estimate the degree of shrinkage from exposure t ...
... We also compared the three different calibration grids utilized throughout this entire study by making a series of electron micrographs on the same day and found no significant deformation between the oldest and the newest ones. No attempt was made to estimate the degree of shrinkage from exposure t ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... An intriguing question centers on the role of sensory information in prefrontal cortices. Another question is how the prefrontal cortex uses sensory information in comparison with other highorder association cortices, such as the parietal cortex (for review, see [121]. One way to begin to address th ...
... An intriguing question centers on the role of sensory information in prefrontal cortices. Another question is how the prefrontal cortex uses sensory information in comparison with other highorder association cortices, such as the parietal cortex (for review, see [121]. One way to begin to address th ...
annual report 2004 - OV Lounasmaa Laboratory
... kept the staff of the LTL quite busy during 2005. Renovation of Puutalo, the site of our new premises, finally started in November about one year behind the original schedule. The LTL will move into the new premises, recently renamed as Nanotalo, in April 2007. The new performance-based salary syste ...
... kept the staff of the LTL quite busy during 2005. Renovation of Puutalo, the site of our new premises, finally started in November about one year behind the original schedule. The LTL will move into the new premises, recently renamed as Nanotalo, in April 2007. The new performance-based salary syste ...
The Anterior Midline Field: Coercion or decision making? Brain and
... The aim of the current study was to test to what extent the AMF effect documented in Pylkkänen & McElree (2007) generalizes to a novel task and syntactic environment. Specifically, ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been heavily implicated for non-linguistic processing such as decision-making and soc ...
... The aim of the current study was to test to what extent the AMF effect documented in Pylkkänen & McElree (2007) generalizes to a novel task and syntactic environment. Specifically, ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been heavily implicated for non-linguistic processing such as decision-making and soc ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety
... acquisition, consolidation and retention or expression of conditioned fear. E lectroPhysiological data are beginning to detail the transmitters and inter-amygdala connections that transmit information to, within, and out of the amygdala. In general, treatments that increase the excitability of amygd ...
... acquisition, consolidation and retention or expression of conditioned fear. E lectroPhysiological data are beginning to detail the transmitters and inter-amygdala connections that transmit information to, within, and out of the amygdala. In general, treatments that increase the excitability of amygd ...
Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance
... A large number of studies based on noninvasive electrophysiological (e.g. EEG, magnetoencephalo graphy [MEG]) or brain imaging (e.g. PET, functional MRI [fMRI]) techniques have demonstrated the existence of the mirror mechanism in humans.8,9 Brain imaging studies have enabled the mirror areas to ...
... A large number of studies based on noninvasive electrophysiological (e.g. EEG, magnetoencephalo graphy [MEG]) or brain imaging (e.g. PET, functional MRI [fMRI]) techniques have demonstrated the existence of the mirror mechanism in humans.8,9 Brain imaging studies have enabled the mirror areas to ...
Distribution and characterisation of Glucagon-like peptide
... Figure 1: GLP-1 receptor expressing cells in the CNS. A, B. Demonstrates the reporter expression in the dorsal vagal complex of the eYFP and tdRFP mice. Expression was equivalent in the area postrema (AP), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). High levels of r ...
... Figure 1: GLP-1 receptor expressing cells in the CNS. A, B. Demonstrates the reporter expression in the dorsal vagal complex of the eYFP and tdRFP mice. Expression was equivalent in the area postrema (AP), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). High levels of r ...
Can the Psycho-Emotional State be Optimized by Regular Use of
... easily provoke an emotional disturbance. On the other hand, all mental disorders are accompanied by any dysfunction in image generation, such as: A deficit or excess in generation of images, an imbalance in the generation of positive and negative images, image distortion. A classical example of a se ...
... easily provoke an emotional disturbance. On the other hand, all mental disorders are accompanied by any dysfunction in image generation, such as: A deficit or excess in generation of images, an imbalance in the generation of positive and negative images, image distortion. A classical example of a se ...
A Self-Organizing Neural Network for Contour Integration through Synchronized Firing
... Department of Computer Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 yschoe,[email protected] Abstract Contour integration in low-level vision is believed to occur based on lateral interaction between neurons with similar orientation tuning. The exact neural mechanisms underlying suc ...
... Department of Computer Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712 yschoe,[email protected] Abstract Contour integration in low-level vision is believed to occur based on lateral interaction between neurons with similar orientation tuning. The exact neural mechanisms underlying suc ...
Naturally Occurring Fluctuation in Dendritic
... and McEwen, 1990). We are currently investigating whether similar changes in dendritic spine density across the estrous cycle also reflect natural fluctuation of synaptic density. It is interesting to note that studies examining the effects of ovarian steroids on hippocampal neuronal excitability in ...
... and McEwen, 1990). We are currently investigating whether similar changes in dendritic spine density across the estrous cycle also reflect natural fluctuation of synaptic density. It is interesting to note that studies examining the effects of ovarian steroids on hippocampal neuronal excitability in ...
Short Communication - NYU Psychology
... The aim of the current study was to test to what extent the AMF effect documented in Pylkkänen & McElree (2007) generalizes to a novel task and syntactic environment. Specifically, ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been heavily implicated for non-linguistic processing such as decision-making and soc ...
... The aim of the current study was to test to what extent the AMF effect documented in Pylkkänen & McElree (2007) generalizes to a novel task and syntactic environment. Specifically, ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been heavily implicated for non-linguistic processing such as decision-making and soc ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
Differentiating Noxious- and Innocuous
... role of the somatosensory cortices (SI and SII) in pain perception has long been in dispute. Human imaging studies demonstrate activation of SI and SII associated with painful stimuli, but results have been variable, and the functional relevance of any such activation is uncertain. The present study ...
... role of the somatosensory cortices (SI and SII) in pain perception has long been in dispute. Human imaging studies demonstrate activation of SI and SII associated with painful stimuli, but results have been variable, and the functional relevance of any such activation is uncertain. The present study ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.