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... The Drosophila brain is formed by an invariant set of lineages, each of which is derived from a unique neural stem cell (neuroblast) and forms a genetic and structural unit of the brain. The task of reconstructing brain circuitry at the level of individual neurons can be made significantly easier by ...
... The Drosophila brain is formed by an invariant set of lineages, each of which is derived from a unique neural stem cell (neuroblast) and forms a genetic and structural unit of the brain. The task of reconstructing brain circuitry at the level of individual neurons can be made significantly easier by ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... cortical surface was illuminated with narrowband light, generated by band-pass filtering (band centers, 540, 630, or 690 ⫾ 10 nm; interference filters from Edmund Scientific, Barrington, NJ) the output of a tungsten light source, and conveyed by two fiber-optic light guides. Video images of the illu ...
... cortical surface was illuminated with narrowband light, generated by band-pass filtering (band centers, 540, 630, or 690 ⫾ 10 nm; interference filters from Edmund Scientific, Barrington, NJ) the output of a tungsten light source, and conveyed by two fiber-optic light guides. Video images of the illu ...
Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man
... intervals from each subject as they performed saccadic eye movements. Blocks of three different paradigms (Fig. 1), one central fixation (A) and two saccadic-remembered (B) and random (C)-were presented in palindromic order (ABCCBA) to negate fatigue or habituation effects. A horizontal light bar wa ...
... intervals from each subject as they performed saccadic eye movements. Blocks of three different paradigms (Fig. 1), one central fixation (A) and two saccadic-remembered (B) and random (C)-were presented in palindromic order (ABCCBA) to negate fatigue or habituation effects. A horizontal light bar wa ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... cortical surface was illuminated with narrowband light, generated by band-pass filtering (band centers, 540, 630, or 690 ⫾ 10 nm; interference filters from Edmund Scientific, Barrington, NJ) the output of a tungsten light source, and conveyed by two fiber-optic light guides. Video images of the illu ...
... cortical surface was illuminated with narrowband light, generated by band-pass filtering (band centers, 540, 630, or 690 ⫾ 10 nm; interference filters from Edmund Scientific, Barrington, NJ) the output of a tungsten light source, and conveyed by two fiber-optic light guides. Video images of the illu ...
Otx Genes and the Genetic Control of Brain
... bination indicated that positive signals from the anterior mesendoderm are required to stabilize the ectodermal expression of En and Otx2 genes (Ang and Rossant, 1993; Ang et al., 1994). However, there is increasing evidence that the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) in mouse, and the leading edge of ...
... bination indicated that positive signals from the anterior mesendoderm are required to stabilize the ectodermal expression of En and Otx2 genes (Ang and Rossant, 1993; Ang et al., 1994). However, there is increasing evidence that the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) in mouse, and the leading edge of ...
Model of Cortical-Basal Ganglionic Processing: Encoding the Serial
... parietal, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, and superior temporal cortex) converge in a general way onto the same volume of caudate, although the predominate pattern is one of segregation or interdigitation of terminal fields as opposed to frank intermixing (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic 1985). Alterna ...
... parietal, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, and superior temporal cortex) converge in a general way onto the same volume of caudate, although the predominate pattern is one of segregation or interdigitation of terminal fields as opposed to frank intermixing (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic 1985). Alterna ...
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... possible to distinguish a broad leg area, arm area, and face area, there appears to be little somatotopic organization within each of these areas. The significance of this apparent disorder is not clear. Second, when neurons at one location in the map become active, do they specify joint angle, musc ...
... possible to distinguish a broad leg area, arm area, and face area, there appears to be little somatotopic organization within each of these areas. The significance of this apparent disorder is not clear. Second, when neurons at one location in the map become active, do they specify joint angle, musc ...
Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of
... ing of the skin, and pinching of the skin. Our new data also document the abnormal expression of the Nav1.3 voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal so ...
... ing of the skin, and pinching of the skin. Our new data also document the abnormal expression of the Nav1.3 voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal so ...
Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed Donald B
... that the gustatory system is made-up of networks of feedforward and feedback pathways. Figure 1b presents a simple reconceptualization of the system with the goal of assisting the reader in understanding the dynamic and distributed nature of gustatory processing. The gustatory system is separated in ...
... that the gustatory system is made-up of networks of feedforward and feedback pathways. Figure 1b presents a simple reconceptualization of the system with the goal of assisting the reader in understanding the dynamic and distributed nature of gustatory processing. The gustatory system is separated in ...
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning
... By studying NR-driven synaptic modification in the framework of associative memory networks, we show that NR prunes the weaker synapses and modifies the remaining synapses in a sigmoidal manner. The critical variables that govern the pruning process are the degradation dimension and the upper synapt ...
... By studying NR-driven synaptic modification in the framework of associative memory networks, we show that NR prunes the weaker synapses and modifies the remaining synapses in a sigmoidal manner. The critical variables that govern the pruning process are the degradation dimension and the upper synapt ...
Functional differences between dorsal and ventral hippocampus
... in the dorsal region in basal condition. The parcellation of hippocampus into dorsal and ventral zones has been considered by other authors, which found morphological and functional differences that could explain the reported results (Moser et al., 1993; Jung et al., 1994). Thus, from a behavioral p ...
... in the dorsal region in basal condition. The parcellation of hippocampus into dorsal and ventral zones has been considered by other authors, which found morphological and functional differences that could explain the reported results (Moser et al., 1993; Jung et al., 1994). Thus, from a behavioral p ...
chapter 12. schizophrenia 12.4 schizophrenia
... compelling. Other neurotransmitters have also been implicated, including glutamate, serotonin, and γaminobutyric acid (GABA). Neurochemical, structural, and functional imaging abnormalities can be understood in the context of the neural circuits involved and models of the illness. Cortico-striato-th ...
... compelling. Other neurotransmitters have also been implicated, including glutamate, serotonin, and γaminobutyric acid (GABA). Neurochemical, structural, and functional imaging abnormalities can be understood in the context of the neural circuits involved and models of the illness. Cortico-striato-th ...
what distinguishes conscious experience from unconscious processes
... We know that functions are localised in different brain regions, and that removing or damaging a specific region leads to specific impairment in a person’s physical and mental abilities, including their ability to have particular conscious experiences. Yet the best this can tell us is that the firin ...
... We know that functions are localised in different brain regions, and that removing or damaging a specific region leads to specific impairment in a person’s physical and mental abilities, including their ability to have particular conscious experiences. Yet the best this can tell us is that the firin ...
CEREBRAL ACTIVATION DURING THERMAL
... The nociceptive conduction process involves two main pathways: the lateral and the medial pain system. The lateral pain system, also called the neospinothalamic tract mainly relays information to the ventral posterior lateral nucleus, ventral posterior medial nucleus and ventral posterior inferior n ...
... The nociceptive conduction process involves two main pathways: the lateral and the medial pain system. The lateral pain system, also called the neospinothalamic tract mainly relays information to the ventral posterior lateral nucleus, ventral posterior medial nucleus and ventral posterior inferior n ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
... The arbitrary mapping of sensory information onto action forms an important element of the intelligent behavior of primates (also called conditional associative learning). The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops are thought to play a key role in such behavior. The present research was under ...
Striate cortex increases contrast gain of macaque LGN neurons
... limit these stimuli to the classical receptive field (center and surround) to avoid effects induced by stimulation of the extended surround. This distinction may be important because the effects of stimulation of the extended or nonclassical surround of LGN neurons on their activity are largely supp ...
... limit these stimuli to the classical receptive field (center and surround) to avoid effects induced by stimulation of the extended surround. This distinction may be important because the effects of stimulation of the extended or nonclassical surround of LGN neurons on their activity are largely supp ...
Visual Properties of Neurons in a Polysensory Area in Superior
... or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of these units would even respond to a very small (< 1”) stimulus moving rapidly (>5O”/s) through a small portio ...
... or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of these units would even respond to a very small (< 1”) stimulus moving rapidly (>5O”/s) through a small portio ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... repeating them across brain regions and modalities to apply similar operations of the same form, hierarchically, giving rise to greater selectivity and invariance at each stage of visual processing (Heeger et al. 1996; Riesenhuber and Poggio 1999, 2002; Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), and that divisive ...
... repeating them across brain regions and modalities to apply similar operations of the same form, hierarchically, giving rise to greater selectivity and invariance at each stage of visual processing (Heeger et al. 1996; Riesenhuber and Poggio 1999, 2002; Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), and that divisive ...
Synapse
... regulation of motor behavior. This distinct characteristic in the pharmacology of cocaethylene provides an opportunity to study the relative contribution(s) of DA and 5-HT molecules on cocaethylene-stimulated behaviors, particularly those associated with stereotypy and exploratory behavior. Indeed, ...
... regulation of motor behavior. This distinct characteristic in the pharmacology of cocaethylene provides an opportunity to study the relative contribution(s) of DA and 5-HT molecules on cocaethylene-stimulated behaviors, particularly those associated with stereotypy and exploratory behavior. Indeed, ...
Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Action Processing
... There are two further issues that deserve some discussion here. The first is the origin of the input that may determine the properties of view-dependent and viewindependent F5 mirror neurons. The second is what might be the functional role of these two types of mirror neurons. The main input to F5 a ...
... There are two further issues that deserve some discussion here. The first is the origin of the input that may determine the properties of view-dependent and viewindependent F5 mirror neurons. The second is what might be the functional role of these two types of mirror neurons. The main input to F5 a ...
characterisation of dopamine neurons of the murine ventral
... neurons originating from this region project and receive input from various other brain regions and through several neurotransmitter systems. The attention was concentrated on the excitatory modulation suggested to regulate important functions of synaptic plasticity, which have been associated with ...
... neurons originating from this region project and receive input from various other brain regions and through several neurotransmitter systems. The attention was concentrated on the excitatory modulation suggested to regulate important functions of synaptic plasticity, which have been associated with ...
A simultaneous ERP/fMRI investigation of the P300 aging effect
... greater recruitment of prefrontal regions and reduced activation of posterior regions that older subjects exhibit on a range of cognitive tasks (e.g., Cabeza et al., 2002; Davis et al., 2008; Solbakk et al., 2008). Because elderly participants are typically found to perform the oddball task at a com ...
... greater recruitment of prefrontal regions and reduced activation of posterior regions that older subjects exhibit on a range of cognitive tasks (e.g., Cabeza et al., 2002; Davis et al., 2008; Solbakk et al., 2008). Because elderly participants are typically found to perform the oddball task at a com ...
Brain Receptor Imaging - Society of Nuclear Medicine
... (1). Receptors can be characterized by their affinity and density; as proteins, they are degraded after a functional period by specific proteases. The function of receptors is obvious in direct neurotransmission, where the interaction of a presynaptically released transmitter with the postsynaptic r ...
... (1). Receptors can be characterized by their affinity and density; as proteins, they are degraded after a functional period by specific proteases. The function of receptors is obvious in direct neurotransmission, where the interaction of a presynaptically released transmitter with the postsynaptic r ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... to block an impending object. How are these behavioral needs reflected in the motor circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components ...
... to block an impending object. How are these behavioral needs reflected in the motor circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components ...
Plastic Effect of Tetanic Stimulation on Auditory Evoked Potentials
... has been investigated following cochlear hearing loss or nerve injury. Deprivationinduced plasticity and its effects on how neurons process sound frequency have been studied extensively in animal models and also in humans. Peripheral hearing loss is capable of inducing changes in the number and prop ...
... has been investigated following cochlear hearing loss or nerve injury. Deprivationinduced plasticity and its effects on how neurons process sound frequency have been studied extensively in animal models and also in humans. Peripheral hearing loss is capable of inducing changes in the number and prop ...
Neuroplasticity
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Brain_2.jpg?width=300)
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.