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... Surgical procedures and injection of the retroviral supernatant into the lateral ventricles of the fetal rat brains are described in detail elsewhere (Walsh and C epko, 1992). To label early-born as well as late-born striatal neurons, we made retroviral injections at the earliest feasible stages of ...
... Surgical procedures and injection of the retroviral supernatant into the lateral ventricles of the fetal rat brains are described in detail elsewhere (Walsh and C epko, 1992). To label early-born as well as late-born striatal neurons, we made retroviral injections at the earliest feasible stages of ...
The cortical connections of area V6: an occipito
... connection of V6 with MIP suggests a visuotopic organization for this latter. Labelling in V6A and VIP after either central or peripheral V6 injections was very similar in location and extent, as expected on the basis of the nonretinotopic organization of these areas. We suggest that V6 plays a pivo ...
... connection of V6 with MIP suggests a visuotopic organization for this latter. Labelling in V6A and VIP after either central or peripheral V6 injections was very similar in location and extent, as expected on the basis of the nonretinotopic organization of these areas. We suggest that V6 plays a pivo ...
article in press - Department of Physiology, Development and
... A perceptual scale, reflecting the speech-like quality of the sounds, was constructed using a Bradley – Terry – Luce model (David, 1988) from the pooled paired comparisons of all nine listeners. The primary assumption is that the stimuli can be ordered linearly on the dimension of interest. The resu ...
... A perceptual scale, reflecting the speech-like quality of the sounds, was constructed using a Bradley – Terry – Luce model (David, 1988) from the pooled paired comparisons of all nine listeners. The primary assumption is that the stimuli can be ordered linearly on the dimension of interest. The resu ...
- Journal of Adolescent Health
... PTSS severity and prebedtime cortisol levels at baseline predicted greater reduction in hippocampal volume, while controlling for pubertal maturation and gender. This was the first longitudinal study on PTSD to document an association between hippocampal changes with PTSS and with a biological marker ...
... PTSS severity and prebedtime cortisol levels at baseline predicted greater reduction in hippocampal volume, while controlling for pubertal maturation and gender. This was the first longitudinal study on PTSD to document an association between hippocampal changes with PTSS and with a biological marker ...
Dynamics and Synchronization of Motifs of Neuronal Populations in the Presence
... cortex (striate), up to extrastriate cortical cells. In the first layer, the receptive field of a photoreceptor neuron corresponds to the region in which light alters the firing response of that cell. For the ganglion cells in the retina, the receptive field encompasses the sensitive areas of their ...
... cortex (striate), up to extrastriate cortical cells. In the first layer, the receptive field of a photoreceptor neuron corresponds to the region in which light alters the firing response of that cell. For the ganglion cells in the retina, the receptive field encompasses the sensitive areas of their ...
A Review of the Relationship between Proinflammatory Cytokines
... communicate rapidly with one another to alter brain biochemical properties when responding to peripheral stimuli (Merrill and Jonakait, 1995). The peripheral immune system is characterized by the processing of immunogenic pathogens and activation of neutrophils and macrophages resulting in the rele ...
... communicate rapidly with one another to alter brain biochemical properties when responding to peripheral stimuli (Merrill and Jonakait, 1995). The peripheral immune system is characterized by the processing of immunogenic pathogens and activation of neutrophils and macrophages resulting in the rele ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... (PL) in cognition and their interactions in goal-directed behaviors in the rat. The PL strongly interconnects with a relatively small group of structures that, like PL, subserve cognition, and together have been designated the ‘PL circuit.’ These structures primarily include the hippocampus, insular ...
... (PL) in cognition and their interactions in goal-directed behaviors in the rat. The PL strongly interconnects with a relatively small group of structures that, like PL, subserve cognition, and together have been designated the ‘PL circuit.’ These structures primarily include the hippocampus, insular ...
Memory from the dynamics of intrinsic membrane currents
... potential (IPSP) introduced at the time of the third spike in the second burst. This IPSP reset the phase of the oscillator, delaying the onset of the next and subsequent bursts. The bottom trace shows the effect of increasing the conductance of the simulated IPSP 5-fold. In this case the IPSP phase ...
... potential (IPSP) introduced at the time of the third spike in the second burst. This IPSP reset the phase of the oscillator, delaying the onset of the next and subsequent bursts. The bottom trace shows the effect of increasing the conductance of the simulated IPSP 5-fold. In this case the IPSP phase ...
Central neural control of the cardiovascular system
... MAP (mmHg) Fig. 4. A: the standard sigmoidal curve that is used to represent the input-output relationship for the baroreceptor reflex. The curve represents the following function: Y ⫽ A1/{1 ⫹ exp[A2(X ⫺ A3)]} ⫹ A4, where X is the input (typically MAP) and Y is the output (e.g., sympathetic activity ...
... MAP (mmHg) Fig. 4. A: the standard sigmoidal curve that is used to represent the input-output relationship for the baroreceptor reflex. The curve represents the following function: Y ⫽ A1/{1 ⫹ exp[A2(X ⫺ A3)]} ⫹ A4, where X is the input (typically MAP) and Y is the output (e.g., sympathetic activity ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... Rostral (areas 11, O121 ) and caudal (area OPro) orbitofrontal areas were connected with the AM, but had few, if any, connections with the AV nucleus. Projections from area OPro to the AM were studied in three cases. Significant connections with the anterior nuclei were seen in only one case (case A ...
... Rostral (areas 11, O121 ) and caudal (area OPro) orbitofrontal areas were connected with the AM, but had few, if any, connections with the AV nucleus. Projections from area OPro to the AM were studied in three cases. Significant connections with the anterior nuclei were seen in only one case (case A ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... Five stimuli plus water were applied to the tongue during a recording session. Four were prototypes of the four basic tastes, each at a concentration determined from intensity-response functions in these same subjects (Scott et al., 1986b). These were 1.0 M glucose, 1.0 M NaCI, 0.01 M HCI, and 0.001 ...
... Five stimuli plus water were applied to the tongue during a recording session. Four were prototypes of the four basic tastes, each at a concentration determined from intensity-response functions in these same subjects (Scott et al., 1986b). These were 1.0 M glucose, 1.0 M NaCI, 0.01 M HCI, and 0.001 ...
Hypocretinergic Neurons are Primarily involved in Activation
... of behavioral states (see 17 for details of the surgical procedures). During experimental sessions (10 am to 2 pm), the animals spent 1 to 2 hours before euthanasia either in the state of quiet wakefulness (QW), alert wakefulness with motor activity (AW-with M), alert wakefulness without motor activ ...
... of behavioral states (see 17 for details of the surgical procedures). During experimental sessions (10 am to 2 pm), the animals spent 1 to 2 hours before euthanasia either in the state of quiet wakefulness (QW), alert wakefulness with motor activity (AW-with M), alert wakefulness without motor activ ...
Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration
... It is well known that the activities of the primary visual cortex (V1) and higher visual areas (such as V2, V3, V4/V8/VO, V5/M5/MST, IT, and GF) are linked to the visual apperception (normal conscious visual experiences and conscious functions such as detection, discrimination, and recognition) of v ...
... It is well known that the activities of the primary visual cortex (V1) and higher visual areas (such as V2, V3, V4/V8/VO, V5/M5/MST, IT, and GF) are linked to the visual apperception (normal conscious visual experiences and conscious functions such as detection, discrimination, and recognition) of v ...
Tinnitus: What You Need to Know
... the head, in the absence of a corresponding external acoustic stimulus. This entity is a disorder with a prevalence of 10% -15% and is more common in men. Tinnitus sounds like ringing, hissing, static, pulsing, buzzing, clicking or whistling. The majority of cases are related to auditory issues howe ...
... the head, in the absence of a corresponding external acoustic stimulus. This entity is a disorder with a prevalence of 10% -15% and is more common in men. Tinnitus sounds like ringing, hissing, static, pulsing, buzzing, clicking or whistling. The majority of cases are related to auditory issues howe ...
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
... injection site and would therefore not lie in the same isofrequency band as the injection. The labeling appeared discrete with patches separated by - 1 mm over an up to 8mm range dominantly in layers I-III but also in layer V. Injections in layer IV produce axon collateral spread in layer I over a d ...
... injection site and would therefore not lie in the same isofrequency band as the injection. The labeling appeared discrete with patches separated by - 1 mm over an up to 8mm range dominantly in layers I-III but also in layer V. Injections in layer IV produce axon collateral spread in layer I over a d ...
Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the
... normal errors or x2 with Poisson errors22. We report signi®cance levels for terms when adding them last to this minimal adequate model. When there was signi®cant overdispersion using Poisson errors, we re-scaled the model using Pearson's x2/d.f. (where d.f. is degrees of freedom)22. Means 6 standard ...
... normal errors or x2 with Poisson errors22. We report signi®cance levels for terms when adding them last to this minimal adequate model. When there was signi®cant overdispersion using Poisson errors, we re-scaled the model using Pearson's x2/d.f. (where d.f. is degrees of freedom)22. Means 6 standard ...
The limbic system
... noradenergic locus coeruleus. It also sends axons that terminate within the cholinergic basal forebrain, the pedunculopontinethalamic nucleus (PPT) and lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus (LDT). The VLPO projections to these areas are inhibitory in nature as they are γaminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic ...
... noradenergic locus coeruleus. It also sends axons that terminate within the cholinergic basal forebrain, the pedunculopontinethalamic nucleus (PPT) and lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus (LDT). The VLPO projections to these areas are inhibitory in nature as they are γaminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic ...
donepezil dose-dependently inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
Biomechanics Models Motor Cortex Using Spinal Cord and Limb
... Pandy 2001), which proposes that the system operates by optimizing a given cost function under the appropriate constraints. A second possible approach is to simply postulate an empirical redundancy resolution rule, verifying that it indeed explains and predicts observed phenomena. Finally, one may u ...
... Pandy 2001), which proposes that the system operates by optimizing a given cost function under the appropriate constraints. A second possible approach is to simply postulate an empirical redundancy resolution rule, verifying that it indeed explains and predicts observed phenomena. Finally, one may u ...
Capogna Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014
... somata and dendrites. This contrasts with the cortex, where CCK and CR are usually not co-localized [34]. A recent study classifies interneurons of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) based on a combination of electrophysiological and single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ...
... somata and dendrites. This contrasts with the cortex, where CCK and CR are usually not co-localized [34]. A recent study classifies interneurons of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) based on a combination of electrophysiological and single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... in terms of actual neuronal computations. The actual neuronal computations in a particular cortical area can be investigated in experimental studies in behaving monkeys performing appropriate cognitive tasks while the activity of single neurons in the area of interest is being recorded. Furthermore, ...
... in terms of actual neuronal computations. The actual neuronal computations in a particular cortical area can be investigated in experimental studies in behaving monkeys performing appropriate cognitive tasks while the activity of single neurons in the area of interest is being recorded. Furthermore, ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... parabelt region. This density gradient reflects progressive reductions in both staining density and width of the IIIb/IV band along the core–belt–parabelt axis. Although the functional significance of these anatomical gradients is not well understood, it is reasonable to suppose that they contribute t ...
... parabelt region. This density gradient reflects progressive reductions in both staining density and width of the IIIb/IV band along the core–belt–parabelt axis. Although the functional significance of these anatomical gradients is not well understood, it is reasonable to suppose that they contribute t ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... from most of the cerebral cortex and from subcortical structures, but at any one time it processes only what is relevant for the task at hand (reviewed in Dagenbach & Carr, 1994; Posner & DiGirolamo, 1998), whether it is a working memory task, associative learning or sequential aspects of behaviour, ...
... from most of the cerebral cortex and from subcortical structures, but at any one time it processes only what is relevant for the task at hand (reviewed in Dagenbach & Carr, 1994; Posner & DiGirolamo, 1998), whether it is a working memory task, associative learning or sequential aspects of behaviour, ...
Exposure to As-, Cd-, and Pb-Mixture Induces Ab, Amyloidogenic
... Fax number: +91- 0522-2436077. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
... Fax number: +91- 0522-2436077. E-mail: [email protected]. ...
Spatial organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic
... provided evidence that each barrel is the morphological correlate of a single functional column that extends throughout the thickness of the cortex (Woolsey and Van der Loos, '70). One function of a cortical column is the integration of information arising from the array of whiskers on the face (see ...
... provided evidence that each barrel is the morphological correlate of a single functional column that extends throughout the thickness of the cortex (Woolsey and Van der Loos, '70). One function of a cortical column is the integration of information arising from the array of whiskers on the face (see ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.