Technical note: Use of a double inversion recovery pulse sequence
... where Tx is the tissue's longitudinal relaxation time. The most common example of this is the STIR sequence [1], where TI is chosen to suppress fat. The use of an additional inversion pulse allows two tissues (e.g. fat and fluid) to be nulled simultaneously, and is termed a double inversion recovery ...
... where Tx is the tissue's longitudinal relaxation time. The most common example of this is the STIR sequence [1], where TI is chosen to suppress fat. The use of an additional inversion pulse allows two tissues (e.g. fat and fluid) to be nulled simultaneously, and is termed a double inversion recovery ...
Neuronal DNA Content Variation (DCV) With Regional
... Despite the failure to find bona fide DNA rearrangements in neural cells of the brain, the effects of NHEJ gene deletion on brain development suggest that other DNA alterations could be occurring. In particular, loss of NHEJ proteins like Ku80 has been associated with aneuploidy (Difilippantonio et ...
... Despite the failure to find bona fide DNA rearrangements in neural cells of the brain, the effects of NHEJ gene deletion on brain development suggest that other DNA alterations could be occurring. In particular, loss of NHEJ proteins like Ku80 has been associated with aneuploidy (Difilippantonio et ...
Dopamine D, Receptors in the Rat Brain
... visible in the lateral septum (LS) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (ZWT’). E (i.a. level, 8.2 mm), A more caudal level, where, besides the areas mentioned in 0, low binding densities are seen in the globus pallidus (GP). F (i.a. level, 7.2 mm), Receptors at a caudal level of the CPU. G ( ...
... visible in the lateral septum (LS) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (ZWT’). E (i.a. level, 8.2 mm), A more caudal level, where, besides the areas mentioned in 0, low binding densities are seen in the globus pallidus (GP). F (i.a. level, 7.2 mm), Receptors at a caudal level of the CPU. G ( ...
Differential Activity-Dependent Development of Corticospinal
... and Martin 2005; Martin and Lee 1999; Martin et al. 2004). Even though we understand that activity- and use-dependent processes are important in determining the regional distribution and morphology of CS axon terminals (Friel and Martin 2005; Li and Martin 2001, 2002; Martin et al. 2004), little is ...
... and Martin 2005; Martin and Lee 1999; Martin et al. 2004). Even though we understand that activity- and use-dependent processes are important in determining the regional distribution and morphology of CS axon terminals (Friel and Martin 2005; Li and Martin 2001, 2002; Martin et al. 2004), little is ...
Soltis Autism: a Spectrum of Research Abby Soltis Final Draft Senior
... correlation between glutamate levels could be found, perhaps due to the small sample size (Purcell et al., 2001). Glutamate receptors are located in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Both regions, which have been repeatedly implicated as containing abnormalities in autistic brains (Purcell et al., 200 ...
... correlation between glutamate levels could be found, perhaps due to the small sample size (Purcell et al., 2001). Glutamate receptors are located in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Both regions, which have been repeatedly implicated as containing abnormalities in autistic brains (Purcell et al., 200 ...
Afferents to the Optic Tectum of the Leopard Frog: An HRP Study
... to thalamic areas (Scalia et al., '68; Neary, '76) and visual information is relayed to the telencephalon (Gruber and Ambros, '74; Scalia and Colman, '75 . Apparently forebrain visual areas do not influence the tectum directly, although a pretectal or tegmental relay may exist. Neary ('76) recently ...
... to thalamic areas (Scalia et al., '68; Neary, '76) and visual information is relayed to the telencephalon (Gruber and Ambros, '74; Scalia and Colman, '75 . Apparently forebrain visual areas do not influence the tectum directly, although a pretectal or tegmental relay may exist. Neary ('76) recently ...
Title: 공학도를 위한 생물학 (2)
... But if you are to ask this question, common answers given are the nervous system is too complex to be explained by a general theory. And because ir performs too many computational functions to be explained by any single theory. So the computational fuction, so their major computational function do n ...
... But if you are to ask this question, common answers given are the nervous system is too complex to be explained by a general theory. And because ir performs too many computational functions to be explained by any single theory. So the computational fuction, so their major computational function do n ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... life in the water as tadpoles, with tails used for swimming and gills for breathing. They do not develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a less efficient air exchange apparatus than the lungs of higher vertebrates. Amphibians rely ...
... life in the water as tadpoles, with tails used for swimming and gills for breathing. They do not develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a less efficient air exchange apparatus than the lungs of higher vertebrates. Amphibians rely ...
Anorexia nervosa during adolescence and young adulthood
... in fertility clinics. In women with prolonged food-deprivation, delivery is more likely to occur at an earlier gestational age, and it is potentially mediated by higher corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels (Hermann et al., 2001). For other researchers, birth-related complications such as prematur ...
... in fertility clinics. In women with prolonged food-deprivation, delivery is more likely to occur at an earlier gestational age, and it is potentially mediated by higher corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels (Hermann et al., 2001). For other researchers, birth-related complications such as prematur ...
The Basal Ganglia Anatomy, Physiology, etc. Overview
... strongest output going to motor areas – Ventral thalamus also projects to striatum, forming a potential feedback circuit – Basal ganglia motor output has a somatotopic organization such that the body below the neck is largely represented in GPi, and the head and eyes are largely represented in SNp ...
... strongest output going to motor areas – Ventral thalamus also projects to striatum, forming a potential feedback circuit – Basal ganglia motor output has a somatotopic organization such that the body below the neck is largely represented in GPi, and the head and eyes are largely represented in SNp ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... prepubertal quiescence of GnRH neurons and their subsequent activation at the onset of puberty. As a theoretical framework, these mecha- ...
... prepubertal quiescence of GnRH neurons and their subsequent activation at the onset of puberty. As a theoretical framework, these mecha- ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
... Figure 3 | Neuronal activity in primate striatum and orbitofrontal cortex related to the expectation of reward. a | Activity in a putamen neuron during a delayed go–no go task in which an initial cue instructs the monkey to produce or withhold a reaching movement following a trigger stimulus. The in ...
Isodirectional Tuning of Adjacent Interneurons and Pyramidal Cells
... (Armstrong-James and Millar 1979; Fox et al. 1980). Recordings were made through a custom low-noise amplifier and were band-pass filtered between ;150 Hz and 12 kHz (4-pole Tchebychev, KrohnHite). The six barrels of the microelectrode were normally filled with up to three different receptor-specific ...
... (Armstrong-James and Millar 1979; Fox et al. 1980). Recordings were made through a custom low-noise amplifier and were band-pass filtered between ;150 Hz and 12 kHz (4-pole Tchebychev, KrohnHite). The six barrels of the microelectrode were normally filled with up to three different receptor-specific ...
PDF
... indirect, methods to measure dopamine concentration in the striatum. By contrast, many other studies track the firing of dopaminergic neurons by recording electrical activity in the midbrain, where the cell bodies lie (Fig. 1a). Such recordings from rats running through mazes have yet to be reported ...
... indirect, methods to measure dopamine concentration in the striatum. By contrast, many other studies track the firing of dopaminergic neurons by recording electrical activity in the midbrain, where the cell bodies lie (Fig. 1a). Such recordings from rats running through mazes have yet to be reported ...
Sten Grillner
... (DOPA) in the spinal animal. Lundberg and colleagues had proposed that these discharges result from an activation of part of the locomotor network. I could show that, indeed, the gamma-motoneurons become activated in parallel with the alpha-motoneurons. In Lundberg’s laboratory, the PhD students wer ...
... (DOPA) in the spinal animal. Lundberg and colleagues had proposed that these discharges result from an activation of part of the locomotor network. I could show that, indeed, the gamma-motoneurons become activated in parallel with the alpha-motoneurons. In Lundberg’s laboratory, the PhD students wer ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
... Consists mainly of the posterior pituitary gland, pituitary stalk, and gray matter Acts as the major center for controlling the ANS; therefore, it helps control the functioning of most internal organs Controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands; therefore, it indirectly hel ...
... Consists mainly of the posterior pituitary gland, pituitary stalk, and gray matter Acts as the major center for controlling the ANS; therefore, it helps control the functioning of most internal organs Controls hormone secretion by anterior and posterior pituitary glands; therefore, it indirectly hel ...
Neuroimaging findings in post-traumatic stress disorder Systematic
... localised functional changes include increased activation of the amygdala after symptom provocation (which may reflect its role in emotional memory) and decreased activity of Broca’s area atthe same time (which may explain the difficulty patients have in labelling their experiences). Conclusions Evi ...
... localised functional changes include increased activation of the amygdala after symptom provocation (which may reflect its role in emotional memory) and decreased activity of Broca’s area atthe same time (which may explain the difficulty patients have in labelling their experiences). Conclusions Evi ...
Chapter 5 - Wake Forest University
... • In the late nineteenth century, Franz Nissl, a German neurologist, discovered that a dye known as methylene blue would stain the cell bodies of brain tissue. • The material that takes up the dye, known as the Nissl substance, consists of RNA, DNA, and associated proteins located in the nucleus and ...
... • In the late nineteenth century, Franz Nissl, a German neurologist, discovered that a dye known as methylene blue would stain the cell bodies of brain tissue. • The material that takes up the dye, known as the Nissl substance, consists of RNA, DNA, and associated proteins located in the nucleus and ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
... shows that the frontoparietal areas 3, 4, and 6 have marked interareal differences in the timetables of layer formation (Polleux et al., 1997). The aim of the present study is to determine whether precursors of f uture cortical areas also differ in their cell-cycle kinetics as has been shown in the ...
... shows that the frontoparietal areas 3, 4, and 6 have marked interareal differences in the timetables of layer formation (Polleux et al., 1997). The aim of the present study is to determine whether precursors of f uture cortical areas also differ in their cell-cycle kinetics as has been shown in the ...
Optical brain imaging in vivo: techniques and applications from
... This is in addition to serving populations often unable to receive MRI or PET scans such as young infants or the critically ill. Clinical optical brain imaging is generally noninvasive and uses near-infrared 共NIR兲 light to obtain improved penetration through the scalp, skull, and brain 关see Fig. 1共a ...
... This is in addition to serving populations often unable to receive MRI or PET scans such as young infants or the critically ill. Clinical optical brain imaging is generally noninvasive and uses near-infrared 共NIR兲 light to obtain improved penetration through the scalp, skull, and brain 关see Fig. 1共a ...
Optogenetic drive of neocortical pyramidal neurons generates fMRI
... Corresponding author. Current address: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Fax: +972 4 829 5461. 1These authors contributed equally to this report. 2Current address: Department of Neuroscience and Brown ...
... Corresponding author. Current address: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Fax: +972 4 829 5461. 1These authors contributed equally to this report. 2Current address: Department of Neuroscience and Brown ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... our conscious lives. But answers to the really difficult questions such as how does a thought, mind, or consciousness emerge from mere chemical interactions of cells still remained far from our reach. It was becoming clear that anatomy and physiology by themselves were not sufficient to reveal every ...
... our conscious lives. But answers to the really difficult questions such as how does a thought, mind, or consciousness emerge from mere chemical interactions of cells still remained far from our reach. It was becoming clear that anatomy and physiology by themselves were not sufficient to reveal every ...
Acetylcholine Facilitates Recovery of Episodic Memory after Brain
... of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, which is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, in which there is a decrease in acetylcholine innervation (for review, see Bartus, 2000). However, systemic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produces only small acute improvements in memory ...
... of cognitive processes, including episodic memory, which is impaired in Alzheimer’s disease, in which there is a decrease in acetylcholine innervation (for review, see Bartus, 2000). However, systemic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors produces only small acute improvements in memory ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.