Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... BrdU positive and Ki67 negative. The percentage of BrdU ⫹/Ki67 ⫺ cells was only slightly increased in L100P mutants (97.41 ⫾ 2.91%; p ⫽ 0.018) but not Q31L (96.75 ⫾ 3.04%) compared to WT (95.26 ⫾ 3.00%) (Fig. 2 E). These subtle effects suggest that our Disc1 mutations may not have strong effects on ...
... BrdU positive and Ki67 negative. The percentage of BrdU ⫹/Ki67 ⫺ cells was only slightly increased in L100P mutants (97.41 ⫾ 2.91%; p ⫽ 0.018) but not Q31L (96.75 ⫾ 3.04%) compared to WT (95.26 ⫾ 3.00%) (Fig. 2 E). These subtle effects suggest that our Disc1 mutations may not have strong effects on ...
Mediation and the Brain: The Neuropsychology of
... Rationality: Serial Stage Model A social event occurs. going g on. We see and hear what is g We consciously evaluate the people and their actions. We consider an appropriate response. We respond ...
... Rationality: Serial Stage Model A social event occurs. going g on. We see and hear what is g We consciously evaluate the people and their actions. We consider an appropriate response. We respond ...
Brain Stem Involvement in Immune and Aversive Challenge Jakob Paues
... destroy the aggressor and if this fails, try to limit the extent of the infection. Thus humans can have dormant tuberculosis infections that are locally controlled until the individual become weakened by disease or old age. Likewise, premalignant cells are either destroyed or forced into senescence. ...
... destroy the aggressor and if this fails, try to limit the extent of the infection. Thus humans can have dormant tuberculosis infections that are locally controlled until the individual become weakened by disease or old age. Likewise, premalignant cells are either destroyed or forced into senescence. ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... axons extending from the cut. In this particular experiment, we retracted the left hemisphere during surgery. The resultant damage to the left cingulate gyrus typifies that found in other experiments from this series. In each case, we restricted our observations to the undamaged hemisphere. In every ...
... axons extending from the cut. In this particular experiment, we retracted the left hemisphere during surgery. The resultant damage to the left cingulate gyrus typifies that found in other experiments from this series. In each case, we restricted our observations to the undamaged hemisphere. In every ...
31 Relating the Activity of Sensory Neurons to Perception
... minimize the ambiguity inherent in perceptual reports, often in ways that can be generalized from human subjects to nonhuman subjects. Rather than asking a subject how fast something went, for example, one could probe their ability to judge speed by asking them which of two stimuli is moving faster. ...
... minimize the ambiguity inherent in perceptual reports, often in ways that can be generalized from human subjects to nonhuman subjects. Rather than asking a subject how fast something went, for example, one could probe their ability to judge speed by asking them which of two stimuli is moving faster. ...
Mapping Pavlovian Conditioning Effects on the Brain: Blocking
... (CA1), cerebellum, caudate putamen, and solitary nucleus. Contiguity effects may be due to tone-shock pairings common to the toneblocked and -excitor groups rather than their different CER. And 3) excitatory effects: FDG uptake increases limited to the tone-excitor group occurred in a circuit linked ...
... (CA1), cerebellum, caudate putamen, and solitary nucleus. Contiguity effects may be due to tone-shock pairings common to the toneblocked and -excitor groups rather than their different CER. And 3) excitatory effects: FDG uptake increases limited to the tone-excitor group occurred in a circuit linked ...
SCENTS AND SENSIBILITY: A MOLECULAR LOGIC OF OLFACTORY PERCEPTION
... (20,21). These experiments provide a solution to the first question; we recognize the vast array of molecular structures defined as odorants by maintaining in our genome a large number of genes encoding odorant receptors. The observation that over 1000 receptors are required to accommodate the detec ...
... (20,21). These experiments provide a solution to the first question; we recognize the vast array of molecular structures defined as odorants by maintaining in our genome a large number of genes encoding odorant receptors. The observation that over 1000 receptors are required to accommodate the detec ...
Intracellular study of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons in
... membrane properties of the dopaminerglc cells in the SN pars compacta (SNC) have been examined in detail usmg an m vitro preparation and mtracellular recording techniques 16"2a. Since SNR contains both dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons 26, our aim was also to examine if SNR neurons can be distingms ...
... membrane properties of the dopaminerglc cells in the SN pars compacta (SNC) have been examined in detail usmg an m vitro preparation and mtracellular recording techniques 16"2a. Since SNR contains both dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons 26, our aim was also to examine if SNR neurons can be distingms ...
Pain in Down`s Syndrome
... Differences regarding endogenous opioids in the postmortem frontal cortex of adult patients with Down’s syndrome, of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and of neurologically healthy people were investigated using specific radioimmunoassay. Results have demonstrated that there is an increase in the l ...
... Differences regarding endogenous opioids in the postmortem frontal cortex of adult patients with Down’s syndrome, of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and of neurologically healthy people were investigated using specific radioimmunoassay. Results have demonstrated that there is an increase in the l ...
Amyloid inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer
... how a deficit in RA signalling could occur. Given the recently documented inverse correlation between intracellular calcium concentration and RA synthesis (Wang et al., 2011) and the role of Ab in increasing intracellular calcium (Camandola & Mattson, 2011; Fedrizzi & Carafoli, 2011), we have investi ...
... how a deficit in RA signalling could occur. Given the recently documented inverse correlation between intracellular calcium concentration and RA synthesis (Wang et al., 2011) and the role of Ab in increasing intracellular calcium (Camandola & Mattson, 2011; Fedrizzi & Carafoli, 2011), we have investi ...
Temporal and spatial alterations in GPi neuronal encoding might
... neuronal encoding of movement in the normal and pathological conditions. After dopamine depletion, we observe an increased number of neurons responding to movement, with a less specific somato-sensory receptive field and a disruption of the selection mechanism. Moreover, the temporal order of the re ...
... neuronal encoding of movement in the normal and pathological conditions. After dopamine depletion, we observe an increased number of neurons responding to movement, with a less specific somato-sensory receptive field and a disruption of the selection mechanism. Moreover, the temporal order of the re ...
How microglia kill neurons
... pathogens, clearing debris, recruiting other cells, aiding repair and providing neurotrophins; and the detrimental effects may be unintended side-effects of the beneficial processes (Klegeris et al., 2007; Lucas et al., 2006; Zipp and Aktas, 2006; Block et al., 2007; Brown and Bal-Price 2003; Wyss-Co ...
... pathogens, clearing debris, recruiting other cells, aiding repair and providing neurotrophins; and the detrimental effects may be unintended side-effects of the beneficial processes (Klegeris et al., 2007; Lucas et al., 2006; Zipp and Aktas, 2006; Block et al., 2007; Brown and Bal-Price 2003; Wyss-Co ...
A local circuit approach to understanding integration of
... and suppression effects tend to be strongest for iso-orientation surrounds. (a) Typical data from a cell in cat V1 obtained by Toth et al. (1996) but presented here for the first time. Increasing the contrast of an optimally oriented grating stimulus (presented to the classical receptive field in co ...
... and suppression effects tend to be strongest for iso-orientation surrounds. (a) Typical data from a cell in cat V1 obtained by Toth et al. (1996) but presented here for the first time. Increasing the contrast of an optimally oriented grating stimulus (presented to the classical receptive field in co ...
The Cl Area of the Brainstem in Tonic and Reflex
... SUMMARY Recent studies have demonstrated that the neurons of the lower brainstem that are responsible for maintaining normal levels of arterial pressure reside in a specific area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. In rat, the critical zone corresponds to a small region containing a subpopulation ...
... SUMMARY Recent studies have demonstrated that the neurons of the lower brainstem that are responsible for maintaining normal levels of arterial pressure reside in a specific area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. In rat, the critical zone corresponds to a small region containing a subpopulation ...
Chronic Opioid Therapy and Opioid Tolerance: A New Hypothesis
... Copyright © 2013 Joel S. Goldberg. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Opioids are efficacious and cost-effective analgesics, ...
... Copyright © 2013 Joel S. Goldberg. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Opioids are efficacious and cost-effective analgesics, ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
... hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead us to hypothesize that recognition molecules ensure reciprocally speci®c connections of ORNs and projection neurons. These studies also imply a previously unanticipated role for pre ...
... hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead us to hypothesize that recognition molecules ensure reciprocally speci®c connections of ORNs and projection neurons. These studies also imply a previously unanticipated role for pre ...
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque
... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
... contour integration in primary visual cortex (V1): intrinsic horizontal connections and feedback from higher cortical areas. To distinguish between these, we combined functional mapping with a new technique for labeling axons, a recombinant adenovirus bearing the gene for green fluorescent protein ( ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... The modulation of caudate neural activity could instead be considered a kind of attentional modulation. However, this is conceptually different from the type of attention investigated in previous studies. Thus, the previous studies on attention1–3 were based on the ‘attend-versus-ignore’ comparison, ...
... The modulation of caudate neural activity could instead be considered a kind of attentional modulation. However, this is conceptually different from the type of attention investigated in previous studies. Thus, the previous studies on attention1–3 were based on the ‘attend-versus-ignore’ comparison, ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the end of the action. An example of a grasping mirror neuron is shown in Fig. 1. Each trial started with the stimulus presentatio ...
... 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the end of the action. An example of a grasping mirror neuron is shown in Fig. 1. Each trial started with the stimulus presentatio ...
Contributions of temporal-parietal junction to the human
... patients who could discriminate the stimuli. Further behavioral studies of these same temporal-parietal patients have shown reduced orienting to distracting stimuli 17. Other investigators have reported that patients with anterograde memory deficits due to posterior association cortex or limbic path ...
... patients who could discriminate the stimuli. Further behavioral studies of these same temporal-parietal patients have shown reduced orienting to distracting stimuli 17. Other investigators have reported that patients with anterograde memory deficits due to posterior association cortex or limbic path ...
Gut Microbiota: A Modulator of Brain Plasticity and Cognitive
... illustrated an association between gut flora composition and cognitive processes such as learning and memory. Intestinal microbiota additionally contribute to the early development of normal social and cognitive behaviours [2]. Similarly fascinating, and the subject of focus of this review, is the r ...
... illustrated an association between gut flora composition and cognitive processes such as learning and memory. Intestinal microbiota additionally contribute to the early development of normal social and cognitive behaviours [2]. Similarly fascinating, and the subject of focus of this review, is the r ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
... A dynamic interplay exists between the processes of cortical arealization and those controlling the guidance and targeting of thalamocortical projections [1–5]. Early in development, both the thalamic field and the cortical sheet appear homogeneous in cytoarchitecture, and connections between them fo ...
... A dynamic interplay exists between the processes of cortical arealization and those controlling the guidance and targeting of thalamocortical projections [1–5]. Early in development, both the thalamic field and the cortical sheet appear homogeneous in cytoarchitecture, and connections between them fo ...
Beyond ADHD and narcolepsy: psychostimulants in general psychiatry
... on the use of dexamphetamine given over 1–5 weeks in the post-stroke period, usually in combination with physical or cognitive training, showed benefits of treatment on motor and language functioning, but not on neurological functioning, performance of activities of daily living or depression. A non ...
... on the use of dexamphetamine given over 1–5 weeks in the post-stroke period, usually in combination with physical or cognitive training, showed benefits of treatment on motor and language functioning, but not on neurological functioning, performance of activities of daily living or depression. A non ...
Severe Reduction of Rat Defensive Behavior to a Predator by
... Ibotenic Acid Lesion Experiments The parameters described above for ibotenic acid injections resulted in relatively small hypothalamic lesions, characterized by neuronal cell loss filled with gliosis (Fig. 3). In addition, as far as could be determined, none of our experiments showed detectable lesi ...
... Ibotenic Acid Lesion Experiments The parameters described above for ibotenic acid injections resulted in relatively small hypothalamic lesions, characterized by neuronal cell loss filled with gliosis (Fig. 3). In addition, as far as could be determined, none of our experiments showed detectable lesi ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.