When Is an Adolescent an Adult? - Waisman Laboratory for Brain
... is 21 (Institute of Medicine & National Research Council, 2014), and the minimum age for criminal prosecution is 14 or younger in most states (Taylor-Thompson, 2014). In scientific studies, 18 is often used as the cutoff for adulthood even though government research policies, until recently, conside ...
... is 21 (Institute of Medicine & National Research Council, 2014), and the minimum age for criminal prosecution is 14 or younger in most states (Taylor-Thompson, 2014). In scientific studies, 18 is often used as the cutoff for adulthood even though government research policies, until recently, conside ...
What is Nervous System Fatigue and How do I Prevent it
... Nervous system fatigue can be grouped into 2 categories, peripheral and central. Central nervous system (CNS) fatigue is neural fatigue originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, or spinal nerves. The exact mechanism for CNS fatigue remains largely unknown but it appears that acute CNS fatig ...
... Nervous system fatigue can be grouped into 2 categories, peripheral and central. Central nervous system (CNS) fatigue is neural fatigue originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, or spinal nerves. The exact mechanism for CNS fatigue remains largely unknown but it appears that acute CNS fatig ...
Oriented Axon Projections in Primary Visual Cortex of the Monkey
... mask consisted of parallel black bars of equal width and spacing, oriented the same way as the moving grating. The masks differed only in being spatial complements of each other. Subtracting the responses acquired during the presentation of each mask produced a map representing stripes of differenti ...
... mask consisted of parallel black bars of equal width and spacing, oriented the same way as the moving grating. The masks differed only in being spatial complements of each other. Subtracting the responses acquired during the presentation of each mask produced a map representing stripes of differenti ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... memory model. Since it would be difficult for a defective central executive to oversee the simultaneous and coordinated operation of two slave systems (the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop) in their model, they proposed that the executive control can be analyzed using a dual-task par ...
... memory model. Since it would be difficult for a defective central executive to oversee the simultaneous and coordinated operation of two slave systems (the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop) in their model, they proposed that the executive control can be analyzed using a dual-task par ...
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... (1–48 kHz) at 16 intensities (1–75 dB SPL) to determine the characteristic frequency of each site. Tones had 5 ms cosine-squared ramps and their total duration was 25 ms. Additional stimuli were randomly interleaved and presented at 20 repeats per recording site. Broad band noise was presented in tr ...
... (1–48 kHz) at 16 intensities (1–75 dB SPL) to determine the characteristic frequency of each site. Tones had 5 ms cosine-squared ramps and their total duration was 25 ms. Additional stimuli were randomly interleaved and presented at 20 repeats per recording site. Broad band noise was presented in tr ...
Seminar Chronic disorders of consciousness
... The vegetative state and the minimally conscious state are disorders of consciousness that can be acute and reversible or chronic and irreversible. Diffuse lesions of the thalami, cortical neurons, or the white-matter tracts that connect them cause the vegetative state, which is wakefulness without a ...
... The vegetative state and the minimally conscious state are disorders of consciousness that can be acute and reversible or chronic and irreversible. Diffuse lesions of the thalami, cortical neurons, or the white-matter tracts that connect them cause the vegetative state, which is wakefulness without a ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
... et al., 1997). However, this model does not provide a simple explanation for the accumulation of late-born CP neurons below early neurons in the Reln mutant cortex (outside-in layering). The late born neurons are thus accumulating in a region where reelin is not normally expressed. It has been propo ...
... et al., 1997). However, this model does not provide a simple explanation for the accumulation of late-born CP neurons below early neurons in the Reln mutant cortex (outside-in layering). The late born neurons are thus accumulating in a region where reelin is not normally expressed. It has been propo ...
13 Nervous System
... frontal lobe sends out motor commands to lower brain centers that pass them on to motor neurons. The primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from lower brain centers in communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefro ...
... frontal lobe sends out motor commands to lower brain centers that pass them on to motor neurons. The primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from lower brain centers in communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefro ...
Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... behavior predicted by models in psychology7,10–12. A biophysically based neural network model13,14 offers a similar but modified picture, in which neural groups selective for opposite directions of motion compete with each other through local recurrent synaptic inhibition. Moreover, the model propos ...
... behavior predicted by models in psychology7,10–12. A biophysically based neural network model13,14 offers a similar but modified picture, in which neural groups selective for opposite directions of motion compete with each other through local recurrent synaptic inhibition. Moreover, the model propos ...
PART IV INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS
... frontal lobe sends out motor commands to lower brain centers that pass them on to motor neurons. The primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from lower brain centers in communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefro ...
... frontal lobe sends out motor commands to lower brain centers that pass them on to motor neurons. The primary somatosensory area in the parietal lobe receives sensory information from lower brain centers in communication with sensory neurons. Association areas are located in all the lobes; the prefro ...
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES
... Published works about the functional role of the retrosplenial cingulate cortex are even less common than those of the posterior cingulate cortex. It is known that damage to this brain region causes serious anterograde amnesia (Kim et al., 2007; Oka et al., 2003). Other studies show that the retrosp ...
... Published works about the functional role of the retrosplenial cingulate cortex are even less common than those of the posterior cingulate cortex. It is known that damage to this brain region causes serious anterograde amnesia (Kim et al., 2007; Oka et al., 2003). Other studies show that the retrosp ...
remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and
... autobiographical memories (Andreasen et al., 1995; Fink et al., 1996; Maguire and Mummery, 1999; Conway et al., 1999). The ¢ndings from these studies have been very inconsistent. However, one cortical region, the posterior cingulate cortex, was observed to be signi¢cantly activated in three of the s ...
... autobiographical memories (Andreasen et al., 1995; Fink et al., 1996; Maguire and Mummery, 1999; Conway et al., 1999). The ¢ndings from these studies have been very inconsistent. However, one cortical region, the posterior cingulate cortex, was observed to be signi¢cantly activated in three of the s ...
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness
... This implies that this junction and its vicinity is crucial for preparing the cerebral cortex towards a condition conducive to information processing and consciousness. Sleep is controlled by the medullar or bulbar reticular formation. In this area a population of neurons is maximally active when sl ...
... This implies that this junction and its vicinity is crucial for preparing the cerebral cortex towards a condition conducive to information processing and consciousness. Sleep is controlled by the medullar or bulbar reticular formation. In this area a population of neurons is maximally active when sl ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... Perhaps the most surprising feature of the motor system is the ease with which humans and other animals can move. It is only when we observe the clumsy movements of a child, or the motor challenges faced by individuals with neurological disorders, that we become aware of the inherent difficulties of ...
... Perhaps the most surprising feature of the motor system is the ease with which humans and other animals can move. It is only when we observe the clumsy movements of a child, or the motor challenges faced by individuals with neurological disorders, that we become aware of the inherent difficulties of ...
Table of Contents
... where “mirror neurons” were first discovered accidentally in the mid-1990s. – May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills, • the imitation of others, • the ability to feel empathy for others, • and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits may underlie the social deficits seen in autistic di ...
... where “mirror neurons” were first discovered accidentally in the mid-1990s. – May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills, • the imitation of others, • the ability to feel empathy for others, • and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits may underlie the social deficits seen in autistic di ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... frontal eye field and other frontal regions, posterior parietal and inferior temporal cortices, the hippocampus, and the associated thalamic and basal ganglia nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and dep ...
... frontal eye field and other frontal regions, posterior parietal and inferior temporal cortices, the hippocampus, and the associated thalamic and basal ganglia nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and dep ...
Basics of electromagnetic field mapping
... The physics that relate the activity of a given dipole source in the brain to a measurable electric and/or magnetic field on the scalp is well known. It is defined by the geometry and, in the case of EEG, the volume conduction properties of the tissues of the head (brain, liquor, skull, scalp, hair, ...
... The physics that relate the activity of a given dipole source in the brain to a measurable electric and/or magnetic field on the scalp is well known. It is defined by the geometry and, in the case of EEG, the volume conduction properties of the tissues of the head (brain, liquor, skull, scalp, hair, ...
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
... A fundamental issue in cortical physiology concerns how information relayed by thalamic inputs is processed within cortical circuits. In the auditory system, acoustic stimuli generate short-latency (10–20 ms) cortical responses that reflect the physical characteristics of the stimulus, e.g., its fre ...
... A fundamental issue in cortical physiology concerns how information relayed by thalamic inputs is processed within cortical circuits. In the auditory system, acoustic stimuli generate short-latency (10–20 ms) cortical responses that reflect the physical characteristics of the stimulus, e.g., its fre ...
as a PDF
... regions (Fig. 1) known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in experimental animals. Medium-sized neurons were located in a region bordered by the spinal trigeminal nucleus laterally, the facial nucleus medially and the medial vestibular nucleus dorsally. Rostrally, these neurons were sc ...
... regions (Fig. 1) known to contain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in experimental animals. Medium-sized neurons were located in a region bordered by the spinal trigeminal nucleus laterally, the facial nucleus medially and the medial vestibular nucleus dorsally. Rostrally, these neurons were sc ...
Emergence of new signal-primitives in neural systems
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
... Emergence is the process by which new structures and functions come into being. There are two fundamental, but complementary, conceptions of emergence: combinatoric emergence, wherein novelty arises by new combinations of pre-existing elements, and creative emergence, wherein novelty arises by de no ...
From format to function: Embodiment and the functional roles of
... the biological substrate of cognition. It is a claimed overlap at the neural level that gives concepts their perceptual or motor format. Importantly, modal accounts often do not specify whether it is conceptual representations or processes that are proposed to be modal (Machery, 2007). See, for inst ...
... the biological substrate of cognition. It is a claimed overlap at the neural level that gives concepts their perceptual or motor format. Importantly, modal accounts often do not specify whether it is conceptual representations or processes that are proposed to be modal (Machery, 2007). See, for inst ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... stimulation from overlapping domains of synaptic influence. Varieties of calcium wave propagation supporting these contentions have been observed in monolayer and organotypic culture preparations (2 , 19, 23). A group of astrocytes acting as a single cell or syncytium may, through the generation of ...
... stimulation from overlapping domains of synaptic influence. Varieties of calcium wave propagation supporting these contentions have been observed in monolayer and organotypic culture preparations (2 , 19, 23). A group of astrocytes acting as a single cell or syncytium may, through the generation of ...
Poulet etal - Cornell University
... To gather sensory cues from the environment, animals have developed an array of highly sensitive sensory systems. These systems, however, not only respond to environmental sensory information, but also to stimuli generated as a by-product of the animal’s own behaviour. In principle self-generated, o ...
... To gather sensory cues from the environment, animals have developed an array of highly sensitive sensory systems. These systems, however, not only respond to environmental sensory information, but also to stimuli generated as a by-product of the animal’s own behaviour. In principle self-generated, o ...
Time-delay-induced phase-transition to synchrony in coupled
... in a network of coupled bursting neurons with a variety of coupling types. The transitions are marked by nonlinear changes in both temporal and phase-space characteristics of the coupled system. We demonstrate these phase-transitions with Hindmarsh-Rose and Leech-Heart interneuron models and discuss ...
... in a network of coupled bursting neurons with a variety of coupling types. The transitions are marked by nonlinear changes in both temporal and phase-space characteristics of the coupled system. We demonstrate these phase-transitions with Hindmarsh-Rose and Leech-Heart interneuron models and discuss ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
... tested) of the first pulse at 4 Hz and averaged across multiunit sites. The variability in this measure, as reported in variance, was compared across KIA− and controls. Single-trial response patterns to each of the isolated speech sounds were compared using a nearest neighbor classifier (Foffani and M ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.