Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... not based on dedicated functional (and neural) mechanisms. General sensory and motor systems may implement imitative abilities through mechanisms that are strongly reminiscent of Hebbian learning. One of the corollaries of this assumption is that imitation should not be confined to specific lineages. ...
... not based on dedicated functional (and neural) mechanisms. General sensory and motor systems may implement imitative abilities through mechanisms that are strongly reminiscent of Hebbian learning. One of the corollaries of this assumption is that imitation should not be confined to specific lineages. ...
Region Specific Micromodularity in the Uppermost Layers in Primate
... 12–15 h in 0.1 M PB containing 4% paraformaldehyde. Then, brains were immersed into 30% sucrose in 0.1 M PB. Another six animals, used only for immunohistochemistry, were perfused transcardially, in sequence, with saline containing 0.5% sodium nitrite; 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PB for 30 min; an ...
... 12–15 h in 0.1 M PB containing 4% paraformaldehyde. Then, brains were immersed into 30% sucrose in 0.1 M PB. Another six animals, used only for immunohistochemistry, were perfused transcardially, in sequence, with saline containing 0.5% sodium nitrite; 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PB for 30 min; an ...
pdf file. - Harvard Vision Lab
... therefore keeping track of self-movement is a necessary part of analysing sensory input. One way in which the brain keeps track of self-movement is by monitoring an internal copy, or corollary discharge, of motor commands1–13. This concept could explain why we perceive a stable visual world despite ...
... therefore keeping track of self-movement is a necessary part of analysing sensory input. One way in which the brain keeps track of self-movement is by monitoring an internal copy, or corollary discharge, of motor commands1–13. This concept could explain why we perceive a stable visual world despite ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... Anterior gray horns: contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns: are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei ...
... Anterior gray horns: contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns: are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei ...
Overlapping representation of primary tastes in a defined
... was performed by inserting and securing a small piece of PE tubing into the trachea. Mice were then placed in a custom stereotaxic apparatus. The skin overlying the dorsal skull was removed and a head bar was attached using dental cement. The head of the animal was then tilted 90 degrees to allow fo ...
... was performed by inserting and securing a small piece of PE tubing into the trachea. Mice were then placed in a custom stereotaxic apparatus. The skin overlying the dorsal skull was removed and a head bar was attached using dental cement. The head of the animal was then tilted 90 degrees to allow fo ...
Do Sensory Neurons Secrete an Anti-Inhibitory
... a recent US survey (https://www.nscisc.uab.edu), currently there is an average of 270,000 persons living with SCI, and new injuries occur at a rate of about 12,000 cases per year. This condition presents formidable challenges to successful post-trauma recovery of function, e.g. since neurons in the ...
... a recent US survey (https://www.nscisc.uab.edu), currently there is an average of 270,000 persons living with SCI, and new injuries occur at a rate of about 12,000 cases per year. This condition presents formidable challenges to successful post-trauma recovery of function, e.g. since neurons in the ...
Imaging Brain Slices
... Whole-cell patch clamp is commonly used to study electrophysiological properties of neurons in brain slices (Edwards et al., 1989). Using electrodes filled with fluorescent dyes, the whole-cell configuration of patch clamp injects the dyes into neurons by diffusion through the pipette tip into the n ...
... Whole-cell patch clamp is commonly used to study electrophysiological properties of neurons in brain slices (Edwards et al., 1989). Using electrodes filled with fluorescent dyes, the whole-cell configuration of patch clamp injects the dyes into neurons by diffusion through the pipette tip into the n ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... Anterior gray horns: contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns: are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei ...
... Anterior gray horns: contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns: are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei ...
Hypothesized Deficiency of Guanine
... Blinded review of the magnetic resonance imaging scans of a series of 7 patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (age range 22 to 35 years), including volumetric analysis of the basal ganglia, revealed evidence of both reduced basal ganglia volume, especially in the caudate nucleus, and total cerebral vol ...
... Blinded review of the magnetic resonance imaging scans of a series of 7 patients with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (age range 22 to 35 years), including volumetric analysis of the basal ganglia, revealed evidence of both reduced basal ganglia volume, especially in the caudate nucleus, and total cerebral vol ...
09 - Pierce College
... 22. Which is not associated with white matter? a. Myelinated axons b. Oligodendrocytes c. Synapses d. Tracts 23. Which is not associated with grey matter? a. Myelinated axons b. Synapses c. Neuron cell bodies d. Satellite cells 24. Which does not help increase intelligence in children? a. eating lea ...
... 22. Which is not associated with white matter? a. Myelinated axons b. Oligodendrocytes c. Synapses d. Tracts 23. Which is not associated with grey matter? a. Myelinated axons b. Synapses c. Neuron cell bodies d. Satellite cells 24. Which does not help increase intelligence in children? a. eating lea ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... 2.4.2. Mapping anterograde label in the VA nucleus We mapped the distribution of terminals in the VA nucleus after prefrontal cortical injections of bidirectional or anterograde tracers using a commercial tracing system (Neurolucida, Microbrightfield, Colchester, VT). We evaluated the density of ant ...
... 2.4.2. Mapping anterograde label in the VA nucleus We mapped the distribution of terminals in the VA nucleus after prefrontal cortical injections of bidirectional or anterograde tracers using a commercial tracing system (Neurolucida, Microbrightfield, Colchester, VT). We evaluated the density of ant ...
Identification of a Functional Connectome for Long
... networks of brain regions activated by recall of a fear memory in mice, we quantified expression of an activityregulated gene (c-fos) that is induced by neural activity. This allowed us to identify collections of brain regions where Fos expression co-varies across mice, and presumably form component ...
... networks of brain regions activated by recall of a fear memory in mice, we quantified expression of an activityregulated gene (c-fos) that is induced by neural activity. This allowed us to identify collections of brain regions where Fos expression co-varies across mice, and presumably form component ...
File
... • Midbrain – most superior part of brain stem – Sensory and motor impulses – Vision, hearing, motor, temperature, sleep cycle ...
... • Midbrain – most superior part of brain stem – Sensory and motor impulses – Vision, hearing, motor, temperature, sleep cycle ...
Dissecting appetite
... the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm campus in Ashburn, Virginia, has been studying the AgRP and POMC neurons, which promote and suppress eating, respectively. Using optogenetics, he showed that activating only 800 AgRP neurons gave the mice a voracious appetite. “What fascinates me,” ...
... the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm campus in Ashburn, Virginia, has been studying the AgRP and POMC neurons, which promote and suppress eating, respectively. Using optogenetics, he showed that activating only 800 AgRP neurons gave the mice a voracious appetite. “What fascinates me,” ...
Descartes` Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
... recent investigations of his modern counterparts and review perti nent findings from neuropsychological research in humans and animals. Further, I propose that human reason depends on several brain systems, working in concert across many levels of neuronal organization, rather than on a single brai ...
... recent investigations of his modern counterparts and review perti nent findings from neuropsychological research in humans and animals. Further, I propose that human reason depends on several brain systems, working in concert across many levels of neuronal organization, rather than on a single brai ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
... of the many parallel neural systems connecting frontal and parietal areas7. Cells in these frontoparietal neural systems have physiological properties that are highly relevant to sensorimotor integration. The MNS must be considered within the larger context of this massive and parallel frontoparieta ...
... of the many parallel neural systems connecting frontal and parietal areas7. Cells in these frontoparietal neural systems have physiological properties that are highly relevant to sensorimotor integration. The MNS must be considered within the larger context of this massive and parallel frontoparieta ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... in the monkey from the point of view of its electrophysiological features. As for other features, the presence of the movement-related neurons was defined (71) as active due to the occurrence of some sensory signals. ...
... in the monkey from the point of view of its electrophysiological features. As for other features, the presence of the movement-related neurons was defined (71) as active due to the occurrence of some sensory signals. ...
Presentation - Neuropathology
... bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and a postural/action tremor rather than the classic pill-rolling tremor seen in Parkinson's disease. These symptoms are usually poorly responsive to long-term levodopa therapy. In MSA-C, typical findings are gait and limb ataxia, cerebellar dysarthria, ...
... bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, and a postural/action tremor rather than the classic pill-rolling tremor seen in Parkinson's disease. These symptoms are usually poorly responsive to long-term levodopa therapy. In MSA-C, typical findings are gait and limb ataxia, cerebellar dysarthria, ...
Expression of Cux-1 and Cux-2 in the Subventricular Zone and
... precursors regulate early differentiation programs. Otx-1 and Tbr-1, for example, are expressed in neurons of the cortex, regulating their correct molecular specification and the development of axonal projections (Weimann et al., 1999; Hevner et al., 2001). Even within the same layer, the expression ...
... precursors regulate early differentiation programs. Otx-1 and Tbr-1, for example, are expressed in neurons of the cortex, regulating their correct molecular specification and the development of axonal projections (Weimann et al., 1999; Hevner et al., 2001). Even within the same layer, the expression ...
Cortical interactions underlying the production of speech sounds
... Speech production involves the integration of auditory, somatosensory, and motor information in the brain. This article describes a model of speech motor control in which a feedforward control system, involving premotor and primary motor cortex and the cerebellum, works in concert with auditory and ...
... Speech production involves the integration of auditory, somatosensory, and motor information in the brain. This article describes a model of speech motor control in which a feedforward control system, involving premotor and primary motor cortex and the cerebellum, works in concert with auditory and ...
Ramayya, A. G., Zaghloul, K. A., Weidemann, C. T., Baltuch, G. H.
... activity using the WaveClus software package (Quiroga et al., 2005). We band-pass filtered each voltage recording from 400 to 5000 Hz and manually removed periods of motion artifact. We identified spike events as positive or negative deflections in the voltage trace that crossed a threshold that was ...
... activity using the WaveClus software package (Quiroga et al., 2005). We band-pass filtered each voltage recording from 400 to 5000 Hz and manually removed periods of motion artifact. We identified spike events as positive or negative deflections in the voltage trace that crossed a threshold that was ...
Open Questions on Mind, Genes, Consciousness
... In silico is a popular expression in the computer and bioinformatic approaches to simulating life processes on all levels from mind and behavior to molecular genomics. These simulations of complex life processes are performed via information processing models on silicon chips in computers as a more ...
... In silico is a popular expression in the computer and bioinformatic approaches to simulating life processes on all levels from mind and behavior to molecular genomics. These simulations of complex life processes are performed via information processing models on silicon chips in computers as a more ...
Mirror Proposal 8-01 - USC - University of Southern California
... Visual Feedback for Grasping: A Possible Precursor of the Mirror Property: We offer a new hypothesis for the generalization from the visual description of action made by the acting individual to that made by other individuals. We propose to demonstrate how neurons which develop to provide feedback f ...
... Visual Feedback for Grasping: A Possible Precursor of the Mirror Property: We offer a new hypothesis for the generalization from the visual description of action made by the acting individual to that made by other individuals. We propose to demonstrate how neurons which develop to provide feedback f ...
lmmunocytochemical Mapping of 18236, A Brain
... of these (see McKay et al., 1981) emerged from analysis of monoclonal antibodies raised against brain. Of these potential nervous system-specific markers, only neuron-specific enolase has been characterized to the extent of molecular and cellular identification (Schmechel et al., 1978; Kennedy, 1982 ...
... of these (see McKay et al., 1981) emerged from analysis of monoclonal antibodies raised against brain. Of these potential nervous system-specific markers, only neuron-specific enolase has been characterized to the extent of molecular and cellular identification (Schmechel et al., 1978; Kennedy, 1982 ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.