A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... 2002; Woolf, 1996) but see (Pennartz, 1995), and acetylcholine (ACh) from the basal forebrain (BF) is particularly well-suited to reinforce V1 for a variety of reasons. There is a high density of cholinergic varicosities within V1 (Lysakowski et al., 1989; Mechawar et al., 2000) arising from multipl ...
... 2002; Woolf, 1996) but see (Pennartz, 1995), and acetylcholine (ACh) from the basal forebrain (BF) is particularly well-suited to reinforce V1 for a variety of reasons. There is a high density of cholinergic varicosities within V1 (Lysakowski et al., 1989; Mechawar et al., 2000) arising from multipl ...
Effects of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist MCPG
... high-frequency stimulation can induce NMDA receptordependent LTP, and low-frequency stimulation can induce NMDA receptor-dependent homosynaptic LTD. The mechanisms of LTD and LTP apparently are well conserved, having been observed in the neocortex of many species, including humans (Chen et al., 1996 ...
... high-frequency stimulation can induce NMDA receptordependent LTP, and low-frequency stimulation can induce NMDA receptor-dependent homosynaptic LTD. The mechanisms of LTD and LTP apparently are well conserved, having been observed in the neocortex of many species, including humans (Chen et al., 1996 ...
Epilepsy - OMICS International
... Here, we review the latest understanding of epilepsy itself and also the extraordinary research that has arisen tangentially. ...
... Here, we review the latest understanding of epilepsy itself and also the extraordinary research that has arisen tangentially. ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... 10 to 12 mM, the ceiling level seen with intense activity such as epileptic discharge (37,38). Neurons, and perhaps blood vessels, also participate in [KⳭ]o regulation, but glial mechanisms are probably most important. Two general mechanisms of astrocyte KⳭ removal have been proposed (39): 1) net KⳭ ...
... 10 to 12 mM, the ceiling level seen with intense activity such as epileptic discharge (37,38). Neurons, and perhaps blood vessels, also participate in [KⳭ]o regulation, but glial mechanisms are probably most important. Two general mechanisms of astrocyte KⳭ removal have been proposed (39): 1) net KⳭ ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral
... next (Van Essen et al., 1984; Maunsell and Van Essen, 1987). This is compounded by substantial variability in the exact pattern of convolutions and in the location of areal boundaries relative to gyral and sulcal landmarks A compelling case for areal identification entails finding region-specific c ...
... next (Van Essen et al., 1984; Maunsell and Van Essen, 1987). This is compounded by substantial variability in the exact pattern of convolutions and in the location of areal boundaries relative to gyral and sulcal landmarks A compelling case for areal identification entails finding region-specific c ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... Chunxiu Yu and Guy Horev contributed equally to this work (co-first authors). In whisking rodents, object location is encoded at the receptor level by a combination of motor and sensory related signals. Recoding of the encoded signals can result in various forms of internal representations. Here, we ...
... Chunxiu Yu and Guy Horev contributed equally to this work (co-first authors). In whisking rodents, object location is encoded at the receptor level by a combination of motor and sensory related signals. Recoding of the encoded signals can result in various forms of internal representations. Here, we ...
Response characteristics in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN
... branching parallel connectivity. Apart from the retina, rich feedback connections exist between cortex and thalamus as well as lateral connections between the di erent cortical areas. These anatomical observations, for which strong evidence accumulated not later than around 1970 [7, 46, 48, 60], ind ...
... branching parallel connectivity. Apart from the retina, rich feedback connections exist between cortex and thalamus as well as lateral connections between the di erent cortical areas. These anatomical observations, for which strong evidence accumulated not later than around 1970 [7, 46, 48, 60], ind ...
Control of Wake and Sleep States
... Brown, Ritchie E. et al “Control of Sleep and Wakefulness” Physiol. Rev. 2012;92:1087-1187. ...
... Brown, Ritchie E. et al “Control of Sleep and Wakefulness” Physiol. Rev. 2012;92:1087-1187. ...
Conscious Modulation in Normal Sleep
... trouble, because they do not have previous visual perception that may develop the contextualization of that incoming experience [42]. Are we aware of initiating movement? Being aware of initiating and controlling actions is a major component of conscious experience, but many aspects of action occur ...
... trouble, because they do not have previous visual perception that may develop the contextualization of that incoming experience [42]. Are we aware of initiating movement? Being aware of initiating and controlling actions is a major component of conscious experience, but many aspects of action occur ...
The Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
PDF
... completing the training paradigm, we tested the cats using three experiments. Experiment 1 was a 100-trial session including 50 ICMS-absent trials and 10 trials each of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µA pulse amplitude. This experiment was designed to test the cats’ performance in ICMS detection at differe ...
... completing the training paradigm, we tested the cats using three experiments. Experiment 1 was a 100-trial session including 50 ICMS-absent trials and 10 trials each of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µA pulse amplitude. This experiment was designed to test the cats’ performance in ICMS detection at differe ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... of the visual field cortical surface (Van Essen, 1979; Kaas, 1980; Tusa et al., 1981), numerous studies have addressed the question of their afferent connectivity. Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other ...
... of the visual field cortical surface (Van Essen, 1979; Kaas, 1980; Tusa et al., 1981), numerous studies have addressed the question of their afferent connectivity. Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in primates. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes during the transitio ...
... importance of understanding the intracortical neuronal dynamics associated with anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, direct recordings from neocortex, especially functionally interconnecting regions, during anesthesia are rare in primates. Moreover, the neurophysiological changes during the transitio ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... undoubted functional importance, since if the neocortex imposes its rhythmic patterns of activity on the subcortical structures receiving direct corticofugal input, then the cortex may coherently induce oscillatory activity on these structures, thus deafferenting itself during the states of sleep an ...
... undoubted functional importance, since if the neocortex imposes its rhythmic patterns of activity on the subcortical structures receiving direct corticofugal input, then the cortex may coherently induce oscillatory activity on these structures, thus deafferenting itself during the states of sleep an ...
Nutrition in Brain Development and Aging: Role of Essential Fatty
... Numerous studies over the past 40 years have evaluated the impact of nutrition in early life on central nervous system development. These studies have clearly demonstrated that reductions in energy and/or essential nutrient supply during the first stages of life have profound effects on somatic grow ...
... Numerous studies over the past 40 years have evaluated the impact of nutrition in early life on central nervous system development. These studies have clearly demonstrated that reductions in energy and/or essential nutrient supply during the first stages of life have profound effects on somatic grow ...
PAIN CONTROL THEORIES
... Pain Perceptions – based on expectations, past experience, anxiety, suggestions Affective – one’s emotional factors that can affect pain experience Behavioral – how one expresses or controls pain Cognitive – one’s beliefs (attitudes) about pain ...
... Pain Perceptions – based on expectations, past experience, anxiety, suggestions Affective – one’s emotional factors that can affect pain experience Behavioral – how one expresses or controls pain Cognitive – one’s beliefs (attitudes) about pain ...
The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord
... Anterior Spinothalamic Tract A Sensory Homunculus A sensory homunculus (“little human”) is a functional map of the primary sensory cortex. The proportions are very different from those of the individual because the area of sensory cortex devoted to a particular body region is proportional to the num ...
... Anterior Spinothalamic Tract A Sensory Homunculus A sensory homunculus (“little human”) is a functional map of the primary sensory cortex. The proportions are very different from those of the individual because the area of sensory cortex devoted to a particular body region is proportional to the num ...
The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord
... • Anterior corticospinal tracts: conscious control ...
... • Anterior corticospinal tracts: conscious control ...
The auditory cortex
... ®elds in individual animals by using a rather crude sampling technique, an inadequate set of sound stimuli, and/or averaging procedures across several individuals (the latter should not be applied because details of functional representation in the auditory cortex are individualized). 2. Use of inad ...
... ®elds in individual animals by using a rather crude sampling technique, an inadequate set of sound stimuli, and/or averaging procedures across several individuals (the latter should not be applied because details of functional representation in the auditory cortex are individualized). 2. Use of inad ...
An Animal Model of Early-treated PKU
... regions examined. There was no effect on norepinephrine in any of the four regions examined. Reduced levels of HVA in medial prefrontal cortex were the only neurochemical effect that significantly correlated with every measure of performance on the delayed alternation task. This study provides evide ...
... regions examined. There was no effect on norepinephrine in any of the four regions examined. Reduced levels of HVA in medial prefrontal cortex were the only neurochemical effect that significantly correlated with every measure of performance on the delayed alternation task. This study provides evide ...
Desired EEG Signals For Detecting Brain Tumor Using Indu Sekhar Samant
... The brain is an incredibly complex organ. The brain lives apart from and quite differently than the rest of the body. The brain contains about 10 Billion working brain cells. They are called neurons and make over 13 Trillion connections with each other to form the most sophisticated organic computer ...
... The brain is an incredibly complex organ. The brain lives apart from and quite differently than the rest of the body. The brain contains about 10 Billion working brain cells. They are called neurons and make over 13 Trillion connections with each other to form the most sophisticated organic computer ...
9a-Pain Sensation
... * Thalamic syndrome: It is due occlusion of the posterolateral branch of the posterior cerebral artery, which supplies the posterolateral ventral nucleus of thalamus (PLVNT). The PLVNT degenerates, while the anteromedial ...
... * Thalamic syndrome: It is due occlusion of the posterolateral branch of the posterior cerebral artery, which supplies the posterolateral ventral nucleus of thalamus (PLVNT). The PLVNT degenerates, while the anteromedial ...
PDF-document - homepage.ruhr-uni
... attenuated and reappeared with the second push phase at the peripheral target. The activity was attenuated again in the third arm movement phase back to the start position, and low spontaneous or no activity prevailed until the first push phase of the next trial. The time course of somatosensory-mot ...
... attenuated and reappeared with the second push phase at the peripheral target. The activity was attenuated again in the third arm movement phase back to the start position, and low spontaneous or no activity prevailed until the first push phase of the next trial. The time course of somatosensory-mot ...
No Binocular Rivalry in the LGN of Alert Macaque Monkeys
... visual world by mutual enhancement between sensory inputs and higher-level hypotheses that support each other, and attenuation of irrelevant or incompatible features. There have been a number of previous studies searching for the physiological basis of binocular rivalry. Varela and Singer (1987) rep ...
... visual world by mutual enhancement between sensory inputs and higher-level hypotheses that support each other, and attenuation of irrelevant or incompatible features. There have been a number of previous studies searching for the physiological basis of binocular rivalry. Varela and Singer (1987) rep ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.