Author`s personal copy
... [18,29,37]. Lesion studies using 6-OHDA on main dopaminergic brain structures, such as substantia nigra, significantly reduced SIP, whereas electrical stimulation of lateral hypothalamus increased SIP acquisition [30]. Stimulants such as amphetamines generally produce, at low to moderate doses, eithe ...
... [18,29,37]. Lesion studies using 6-OHDA on main dopaminergic brain structures, such as substantia nigra, significantly reduced SIP, whereas electrical stimulation of lateral hypothalamus increased SIP acquisition [30]. Stimulants such as amphetamines generally produce, at low to moderate doses, eithe ...
VALUE-DEPENDENT SELECTION IN THE BRAIN: SIMULATION IN
... illustrate value-dependent acquisition of a simple foveation response to a visual stimulus. We then examine the improvement that ensues when the connections to the value system are themselves plastic and thus become able to mediate acquired value. Using a second-order conditioning paradigm, we demon ...
... illustrate value-dependent acquisition of a simple foveation response to a visual stimulus. We then examine the improvement that ensues when the connections to the value system are themselves plastic and thus become able to mediate acquired value. Using a second-order conditioning paradigm, we demon ...
This article was originally published in a journal published by
... website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial ...
... website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial ...
pdf
... impairs the quality of life in 2% to 3% of the population (2). Some forms of nonpulsatile tinnitus are considered to be an auditory phantom phenomenon (15) analogous to central neuropathic pain (26). Both pain and tinnitus share similarities in their clinical expression, pathophysiological mechanism ...
... impairs the quality of life in 2% to 3% of the population (2). Some forms of nonpulsatile tinnitus are considered to be an auditory phantom phenomenon (15) analogous to central neuropathic pain (26). Both pain and tinnitus share similarities in their clinical expression, pathophysiological mechanism ...
The Preoptic Nucleus in Fishes: A Comparative Discussion of
... gonadotropin as the particular pituitary factor involved in the afferent stimulus system. However, where and how gonadotropin acts is an open question. Of course stimuli other than those indicated above also impinge on this circuit, including such factors as the presence or absence of a mate and env ...
... gonadotropin as the particular pituitary factor involved in the afferent stimulus system. However, where and how gonadotropin acts is an open question. Of course stimuli other than those indicated above also impinge on this circuit, including such factors as the presence or absence of a mate and env ...
Nervous Systems
... • Modern brain-imaging techniques suggest that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain based on activity in many areas of the cortex Prefrontal cortex ...
... • Modern brain-imaging techniques suggest that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain based on activity in many areas of the cortex Prefrontal cortex ...
A Neuronal Model of Predictive Coding Accounting for the
... neuron is excitatory, wEI or wEE is the weight for AMPA-mediated currents. An NMDA receptor (NMDAr)-dependent current is added whose weight wn is 20% of the AMPA synapse. The synaptic weights are drawn from a Gaussian distribution with a variance of 20% of the mean. These parameters allow a reliable ...
... neuron is excitatory, wEI or wEE is the weight for AMPA-mediated currents. An NMDA receptor (NMDAr)-dependent current is added whose weight wn is 20% of the AMPA synapse. The synaptic weights are drawn from a Gaussian distribution with a variance of 20% of the mean. These parameters allow a reliable ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... logy probing the circuitry of visual cortex, the first area in which microcircuitry was examined in detail. The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged ...
... logy probing the circuitry of visual cortex, the first area in which microcircuitry was examined in detail. The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged ...
Aberrant Localization of Synchronous Hemodynamic
... quantitative clinical tool for the assessment of schizophrenia. Key Words: Functional magnetic resonance imaging, schizophrenia, auditory, independent component analysis, superior temporal gyrus, synchrony ...
... quantitative clinical tool for the assessment of schizophrenia. Key Words: Functional magnetic resonance imaging, schizophrenia, auditory, independent component analysis, superior temporal gyrus, synchrony ...
Trigeminal pathways handout
... 1. Outline the two pathways for facial sensation from the head. 2. Contrast facial sensation from the head and somatic sensation from the body. In what ways are they similar? Different? Try drawing this on the Haines atlas diagram at the end of the lecture. 3. Diagram the corneal reflex: the afferen ...
... 1. Outline the two pathways for facial sensation from the head. 2. Contrast facial sensation from the head and somatic sensation from the body. In what ways are they similar? Different? Try drawing this on the Haines atlas diagram at the end of the lecture. 3. Diagram the corneal reflex: the afferen ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... injection, tailored to obtain satisfactory coincidence detection rates. A 40-sec scan was triggered as the tracer bolus entered the brain; TMS, sham TMS, or hand movement accompanied this scan segment. A 50-sec scan immediately followed the 40-sec scan, during which TMS, sham TMS or hand movement we ...
... injection, tailored to obtain satisfactory coincidence detection rates. A 40-sec scan was triggered as the tracer bolus entered the brain; TMS, sham TMS, or hand movement accompanied this scan segment. A 50-sec scan immediately followed the 40-sec scan, during which TMS, sham TMS or hand movement we ...
Tau pathology does not affect experience-driven single
... Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) – a characteristic pathological feature of Alzheimer’s and several other neurodegenerative diseases – are considered a major target for drug development. Tangle load correlates well with the severity of cognitive symptoms and mouse models of tauopathy are ...
... Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) – a characteristic pathological feature of Alzheimer’s and several other neurodegenerative diseases – are considered a major target for drug development. Tangle load correlates well with the severity of cognitive symptoms and mouse models of tauopathy are ...
Spinal Cord - Sydney University Medical Society
... Anatomy Practical 1 – Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves .............................................................. 141 Physiology Practical 1 – Reflexes and Cutaneous Sensation................................................... 142 Anatomy Practical 2 – CSF, Meninges and Ventricles ................. ...
... Anatomy Practical 1 – Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves .............................................................. 141 Physiology Practical 1 – Reflexes and Cutaneous Sensation................................................... 142 Anatomy Practical 2 – CSF, Meninges and Ventricles ................. ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoe ...
... primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (which is present in many natural foods such as tomatoe ...
vocabulary - anatomy and physiology one
... Name the various regions innervated by the vagus nerve. Explain why the accessory nerve is different from all the other cranial nerves. Name the foramen the spinal portion of the accessory nerve must pass through to reach the brain and join the cranial portion. Name the foramen the accessory nerve m ...
... Name the various regions innervated by the vagus nerve. Explain why the accessory nerve is different from all the other cranial nerves. Name the foramen the spinal portion of the accessory nerve must pass through to reach the brain and join the cranial portion. Name the foramen the accessory nerve m ...
Deficient Fear Conditioning in Psychopathy
... [CS]) comes to predict a fear-eliciting stimulus (unconditioned stimulus [US]) after they have been paired several times.4-6 The brain circuits underlying the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned fear in humans have been the focus of major research efforts. Imaging studies using positron emiss ...
... [CS]) comes to predict a fear-eliciting stimulus (unconditioned stimulus [US]) after they have been paired several times.4-6 The brain circuits underlying the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned fear in humans have been the focus of major research efforts. Imaging studies using positron emiss ...
Golgi: a life in science - Oxford Academic
... staining nervous tissue yielded an incomplete picture. The painstaking work of Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters [(1834–63); 1865] had demonstrated the continuity between the nerve cell and its dendrites and axon, but his work involved tedious dissection of hardened tissue, and was most feasible for spina ...
... staining nervous tissue yielded an incomplete picture. The painstaking work of Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters [(1834–63); 1865] had demonstrated the continuity between the nerve cell and its dendrites and axon, but his work involved tedious dissection of hardened tissue, and was most feasible for spina ...
What insights can fMRI offer into the structure and function of mid-tier visual areas?
... Introduction Our understanding of the human visual system—from the delineation of regions containing different spatial maps of the visual world to our understanding of just how distributed information processing is—would be far behind current levels without functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMR ...
... Introduction Our understanding of the human visual system—from the delineation of regions containing different spatial maps of the visual world to our understanding of just how distributed information processing is—would be far behind current levels without functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMR ...
text - Systems Neuroscience Course, MEDS 371, Univ. Conn. Health
... Energy Metabolism: The hypotahalmus regulates energy metabolism by monitoring blood glucose levels and regulating feeding behavior, digestive functions, metabolic rate and body temperature. For example … A. Cellular metabolism throughout the body tissues is regulated via thyroid hormones. Neurons i ...
... Energy Metabolism: The hypotahalmus regulates energy metabolism by monitoring blood glucose levels and regulating feeding behavior, digestive functions, metabolic rate and body temperature. For example … A. Cellular metabolism throughout the body tissues is regulated via thyroid hormones. Neurons i ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... screwed onto the grids, the microdrives independently advanced single tungsten wire electrodes (FHC) into the cortex. At the outset electrode tips were separated by roughly 1 mm. As the electrodes penetrated through the dura, neuronal responses could be heard on an audio monitor in response to manua ...
... screwed onto the grids, the microdrives independently advanced single tungsten wire electrodes (FHC) into the cortex. At the outset electrode tips were separated by roughly 1 mm. As the electrodes penetrated through the dura, neuronal responses could be heard on an audio monitor in response to manua ...
The Neurochemistry of GALP: Where Form Meets
... effect of prepubertal GALP infusion on growth, metabolism and LH secretion. Physiology and Behavior in press ...
... effect of prepubertal GALP infusion on growth, metabolism and LH secretion. Physiology and Behavior in press ...
pain impulses
... Increased sensitivity to pain after tissue injury Damaged tissue also releases molecules sa bradykinin that gate other channels/bind receptors Secretion of substances, substance P, bradykinin, prostaglandin that cause inflammation Can cause long lasting intracellular changes that increased sensitivi ...
... Increased sensitivity to pain after tissue injury Damaged tissue also releases molecules sa bradykinin that gate other channels/bind receptors Secretion of substances, substance P, bradykinin, prostaglandin that cause inflammation Can cause long lasting intracellular changes that increased sensitivi ...
MSc Thesis Template Document
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... jibers. TH-immunoreactive fibers were present in every cortical region examined. In addition to this widespread distribution of TH-immunoreactive fibers, there was striking regional heterogeneity in both fiber density and laminar distribution in both monkey species. In cynomolgus monkey (Fig. I), pr ...
... jibers. TH-immunoreactive fibers were present in every cortical region examined. In addition to this widespread distribution of TH-immunoreactive fibers, there was striking regional heterogeneity in both fiber density and laminar distribution in both monkey species. In cynomolgus monkey (Fig. I), pr ...
psychology 2
... • Clinical Studies – Deep lesioning: insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire – Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB): milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had ...
... • Clinical Studies – Deep lesioning: insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire – Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB): milder electrical current that causes neurons to react as if they had ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.