Stimulus-Dependent Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in the
... preferences for particular features of visual stimuli, but in general, the tuning is broad. Thus, even simple stimuli evoke responses in numerous neurons with differing but overlapping feature preferences, and it is commonly held that a particular feature is encoded in the pattern of graded response ...
... preferences for particular features of visual stimuli, but in general, the tuning is broad. Thus, even simple stimuli evoke responses in numerous neurons with differing but overlapping feature preferences, and it is commonly held that a particular feature is encoded in the pattern of graded response ...
Functional organization of inferior parietal lobule convexity in the
... out moving the electrode row caudally in steps of 1 mm. During each experimental session each electrode was inserted one after the other inside the dura until the first neuronal activity was detected for each of them. Each electrode was then deepened into the cortex independently one from the other, ...
... out moving the electrode row caudally in steps of 1 mm. During each experimental session each electrode was inserted one after the other inside the dura until the first neuronal activity was detected for each of them. Each electrode was then deepened into the cortex independently one from the other, ...
Ch. 49
... • The circuits in the brain are more complex than the most powerful computers • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to construct a 3-D map of brain activity • The vertebrate brain is organized into regions with different functions ...
... • The circuits in the brain are more complex than the most powerful computers • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to construct a 3-D map of brain activity • The vertebrate brain is organized into regions with different functions ...
Dopamine: a potential substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
... It is only recently that a number of studies on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and other brain areas have considered that a heterosynaptic modulatory input could be recruited as well as the coincident firing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons. So far, the strongest evidence for such a regulat ...
Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal
... neurons during natural, active communication for at least the following four reasons. First, this facet of marmoset communication has been extensively studied at the behavioral level (Chow et al. 2015; Miller et al. 2009a,b; Miller and Thomas 2012; Miller and Wang 2006; Morrill et al. 2013; Roy et a ...
... neurons during natural, active communication for at least the following four reasons. First, this facet of marmoset communication has been extensively studied at the behavioral level (Chow et al. 2015; Miller et al. 2009a,b; Miller and Thomas 2012; Miller and Wang 2006; Morrill et al. 2013; Roy et a ...
Motor learning in man: A review of functional and clinical studies
... (iii) subjects reached a plateau level of performance, the slope was constant. The results are in agreement with the findings by Sailer et al. (2005) who reported similar learning stages for a task in which subjects had to coordinate bi manual motor actions. Looking at the neural mechanisms underlyin ...
... (iii) subjects reached a plateau level of performance, the slope was constant. The results are in agreement with the findings by Sailer et al. (2005) who reported similar learning stages for a task in which subjects had to coordinate bi manual motor actions. Looking at the neural mechanisms underlyin ...
Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region
... Of the behavioral deficits seen in autistic children30–32, two are in the use of gaze direction and the comprehension of mental states. Baron-Cohen and colleagues asked whether these two abnormalities might be related33. Two of the experiments they carried out are summarized in Fig. 4. When normal o ...
... Of the behavioral deficits seen in autistic children30–32, two are in the use of gaze direction and the comprehension of mental states. Baron-Cohen and colleagues asked whether these two abnormalities might be related33. Two of the experiments they carried out are summarized in Fig. 4. When normal o ...
Organization of acetylcholine-containing structures in the cranial
... (single arrows), and cell bodies (empty arrows) devoid of any “boutons” on their surface. Many ChAT-positive fibres (double arrows), and bouton-like structures (single arrows) dispersed in the region of the nucleus. Scale bar 40 µm Figure 5. Oval or triangular ChAT-stained motoneurons (empty arrows) ...
... (single arrows), and cell bodies (empty arrows) devoid of any “boutons” on their surface. Many ChAT-positive fibres (double arrows), and bouton-like structures (single arrows) dispersed in the region of the nucleus. Scale bar 40 µm Figure 5. Oval or triangular ChAT-stained motoneurons (empty arrows) ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... of the large amount of sensory information it receives. When a rat orients toward a crossmodal light and sound stimulus, neurons in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) integrate the light and sound information before signaling motor planning neurons. Most cells conducting MI are multipolar, and th ...
... of the large amount of sensory information it receives. When a rat orients toward a crossmodal light and sound stimulus, neurons in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) integrate the light and sound information before signaling motor planning neurons. Most cells conducting MI are multipolar, and th ...
The dual-pathway model of auditory signal
... compared the changes in hemodynamic responses obtained during the pitch task with changes in the responses obtained during the location task. Primary auditory cortices, extending anteriorly to auditory association cortices on STP and the right inferior frontal gyrus had greater activation associated ...
... compared the changes in hemodynamic responses obtained during the pitch task with changes in the responses obtained during the location task. Primary auditory cortices, extending anteriorly to auditory association cortices on STP and the right inferior frontal gyrus had greater activation associated ...
How is Epilepsy Diagnosed?
... which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures that arise from excessive discharges of neurons in the brain. Seizures vary in type, ...
... which causes seizures to occur. As, however, there are many very different types of seizure, it is better to speak of epilepsies. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder marked by involuntary, recurrent seizures that arise from excessive discharges of neurons in the brain. Seizures vary in type, ...
mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
... 6. Some neurons sprout new axons and establish new synapses a. New synapses = net increase in connections b. Learning requires development of new synapses ...
... 6. Some neurons sprout new axons and establish new synapses a. New synapses = net increase in connections b. Learning requires development of new synapses ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... (EG), which has been divided, on the basis of the distribution of sound-evoked 2-deoxyglucose activity, into three anatomically distinct areas, one located on the middle ectosylvian gyrus (MEG), another on the posterior ectosylvian gyrus (PEG) and a third on the anterior ectosylvian gyrus (AEG) (Wal ...
... (EG), which has been divided, on the basis of the distribution of sound-evoked 2-deoxyglucose activity, into three anatomically distinct areas, one located on the middle ectosylvian gyrus (MEG), another on the posterior ectosylvian gyrus (PEG) and a third on the anterior ectosylvian gyrus (AEG) (Wal ...
final scientific program
... brain. Such tools include functional magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging methods including intrinsic, voltage-sensitive dye, and two-photon imaging, high-density electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography, and multi-microelectrode array electrophysiology. These methodological advances ...
... brain. Such tools include functional magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging methods including intrinsic, voltage-sensitive dye, and two-photon imaging, high-density electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography, and multi-microelectrode array electrophysiology. These methodological advances ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... that encode oral somatosensory stimuli including viscosity, fat texture, temperature and capsaicin(17). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond to particular combinations of taste and oral texture stimuli, but do not respond to olfactory stimuli or visual stimuli such as the sight of food(1 ...
... that encode oral somatosensory stimuli including viscosity, fat texture, temperature and capsaicin(17). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond to particular combinations of taste and oral texture stimuli, but do not respond to olfactory stimuli or visual stimuli such as the sight of food(1 ...
Neurons
... – Stronger stimuli excite more of these neurons, whereas weaker stimuli excite fewer neurons that fire at the same time – A gentle touch may cause a single touch receptor in the skin to fire action potentials very slowly; a hard poke may cause several touch receptors to fire, some very rapidly ...
... – Stronger stimuli excite more of these neurons, whereas weaker stimuli excite fewer neurons that fire at the same time – A gentle touch may cause a single touch receptor in the skin to fire action potentials very slowly; a hard poke may cause several touch receptors to fire, some very rapidly ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... hand tells the brain that it has sucand, finally, she executes her painting. These sequentially organized behaviors are dicceeded. Movements such as reaching for tated by the hierarchical organization of Kamala’s nervous system. The major compoa cup require the participation of wide nents of this ne ...
... hand tells the brain that it has sucand, finally, she executes her painting. These sequentially organized behaviors are dicceeded. Movements such as reaching for tated by the hierarchical organization of Kamala’s nervous system. The major compoa cup require the participation of wide nents of this ne ...
The neural subjective frame: from bodily signals to perceptual
... The existing neural theories of consciousness sometimes seem to imply that the first-person perspective inherent to conscious perceptual experience would arise somehow from externally triggered signals. However, the first-person perspective does exist even in the absence of sensory stimulation, and ...
... The existing neural theories of consciousness sometimes seem to imply that the first-person perspective inherent to conscious perceptual experience would arise somehow from externally triggered signals. However, the first-person perspective does exist even in the absence of sensory stimulation, and ...
choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation
... stage, a value transformation takes the input — rewards, or ‘common reward currency’ — to the system and abstracts from it a representation of the value of available options. At the second stage, a decision transformation maps this value representation onto the probability of alternative courses of ...
... stage, a value transformation takes the input — rewards, or ‘common reward currency’ — to the system and abstracts from it a representation of the value of available options. At the second stage, a decision transformation maps this value representation onto the probability of alternative courses of ...
Methamphetamine Users in Sustained Abstinence
... cover with prolonged abstinence.16,20-25 A series of positron emission tomography studies have tracked neuronal changes as a function of methamphetamine abstinence in human methamphetamine users. In 1 of the first positron emission tomography studies, McCann et al21 reported striatal dopamine trans ...
... cover with prolonged abstinence.16,20-25 A series of positron emission tomography studies have tracked neuronal changes as a function of methamphetamine abstinence in human methamphetamine users. In 1 of the first positron emission tomography studies, McCann et al21 reported striatal dopamine trans ...
Reticular formation,sleep and wakefulness
... • It was later proved that sleep is caused by an active inhibitory process, once that there seems to be a center located below the midpontile level of the brain stem that is required to cause sleep by inhibiting other parts of the brain; • ONTOGENIC HYPOTHESIS OF REM SLEEP says that the activity occ ...
... • It was later proved that sleep is caused by an active inhibitory process, once that there seems to be a center located below the midpontile level of the brain stem that is required to cause sleep by inhibiting other parts of the brain; • ONTOGENIC HYPOTHESIS OF REM SLEEP says that the activity occ ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
A Master Key to Assess Stroke Consequences Across Species: The
... deal with treatment of stroke is to assess what happens in those patients who recover spontaneously. Indeed, around 33% of stroke patients spontaneously recover after stroke but the mechanisms involved in the recovery, not elucidated till now, could be interesting to promote. To assess these mechani ...
... deal with treatment of stroke is to assess what happens in those patients who recover spontaneously. Indeed, around 33% of stroke patients spontaneously recover after stroke but the mechanisms involved in the recovery, not elucidated till now, could be interesting to promote. To assess these mechani ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... As another example, consider the case in which the information structure consists of data points clustered into five categories. When mapping the information structure onto the cortical sheet, the Kohonen algorithm will tend to arrange the data points such that each category forms a distinct area on ...
... As another example, consider the case in which the information structure consists of data points clustered into five categories. When mapping the information structure onto the cortical sheet, the Kohonen algorithm will tend to arrange the data points such that each category forms a distinct area on ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.