Neuronal correlates of decision
... When forming a decision based on sensory information, where and how in the brain do the neuronal responses that encode the sensory stimuli translate into responses that encode the decision? We investigated this question using a vibrotactile sequential discrimination task (Fig. 1). In this two-altern ...
... When forming a decision based on sensory information, where and how in the brain do the neuronal responses that encode the sensory stimuli translate into responses that encode the decision? We investigated this question using a vibrotactile sequential discrimination task (Fig. 1). In this two-altern ...
Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... from its limit cycle. This is further explored in Sect. 3.1. Relating this approach to the biological system, the basic assumption of a stable limit cycle attractor has to be discussed. In experiments on rabbit olfactory bulb, spindles with a dominant 40-Hz rhythm have been observed (Freeman 1979a,b ...
... from its limit cycle. This is further explored in Sect. 3.1. Relating this approach to the biological system, the basic assumption of a stable limit cycle attractor has to be discussed. In experiments on rabbit olfactory bulb, spindles with a dominant 40-Hz rhythm have been observed (Freeman 1979a,b ...
6th ANNUAL NEUROSCIENCE, BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH RESEARCH FORUM The University of Vermont
... and mechanisms of a Class B GPCR Chenyi Liao and Jianing Li Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 We have studied a class B G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating polypeptide receptor (PAC1R), which is crucial for transducing signal in ...
... and mechanisms of a Class B GPCR Chenyi Liao and Jianing Li Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 We have studied a class B G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating polypeptide receptor (PAC1R), which is crucial for transducing signal in ...
Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity
... responses to vibrotactile stimulation in ASD would achieve this goal. In healthy individuals, vibrotactile stimulations on the fingertips dramatically increase the behaviourally measured temporal separation threshold needed for distinguishing between two consecutive tactile pulses, but no such effect ...
... responses to vibrotactile stimulation in ASD would achieve this goal. In healthy individuals, vibrotactile stimulations on the fingertips dramatically increase the behaviourally measured temporal separation threshold needed for distinguishing between two consecutive tactile pulses, but no such effect ...
interactions between number and space in parietal cortex
... synaesthesia for numbers, using rigorous psychophysical and neuroimaging protocols, might further illuminate our understanding of the connections between numbers and space31,32. In summary, various protocols indicate that numbers automatically elicit task-, modality- and effectorindependent spatial ...
... synaesthesia for numbers, using rigorous psychophysical and neuroimaging protocols, might further illuminate our understanding of the connections between numbers and space31,32. In summary, various protocols indicate that numbers automatically elicit task-, modality- and effectorindependent spatial ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... the experiment were ⫺0.75 ⫾ 0.38 for IMP (mean ⫾ SE), 0.46 ⫾ 0.36 for MSG, 0.92 ⫾ 0.35 for MSG⫹IMP (MSGIMP), and 1.5 ⫾ 0.50 for glucose. Statistically it was shown that the intensity of the taste of umami produced by the mixture of MSG and IMP was greater than that produced by the MSG alone (even if ...
... the experiment were ⫺0.75 ⫾ 0.38 for IMP (mean ⫾ SE), 0.46 ⫾ 0.36 for MSG, 0.92 ⫾ 0.35 for MSG⫹IMP (MSGIMP), and 1.5 ⫾ 0.50 for glucose. Statistically it was shown that the intensity of the taste of umami produced by the mixture of MSG and IMP was greater than that produced by the MSG alone (even if ...
A Motion-sensitive Area in Ferret Extrastriate
... (Mustela putorius furo), we extracellularly recorded from extrastriate visual cortex in five pigmented and two albino ferrets under general anaesthesia and paralysis. Visual stimulation consisted of large area random dot patterns moving either on a circular path in the frontoparallel plane or expand ...
... (Mustela putorius furo), we extracellularly recorded from extrastriate visual cortex in five pigmented and two albino ferrets under general anaesthesia and paralysis. Visual stimulation consisted of large area random dot patterns moving either on a circular path in the frontoparallel plane or expand ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... not based on dedicated functional (and neural) mechanisms. General sensory and motor systems may implement imitative abilities through mechanisms that are strongly reminiscent of Hebbian learning. One of the corollaries of this assumption is that imitation should not be confined to specific lineages. ...
... not based on dedicated functional (and neural) mechanisms. General sensory and motor systems may implement imitative abilities through mechanisms that are strongly reminiscent of Hebbian learning. One of the corollaries of this assumption is that imitation should not be confined to specific lineages. ...
Physiological Psychology - II Sem
... neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of the target cell. Most neurons send signals via their axons, although some types are capable of dendrite-to-dendrite communication. (In fact, the types of neurons called amacrine cells have no axons, and ...
... neurotransmitter molecules, which bind to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of the target cell. Most neurons send signals via their axons, although some types are capable of dendrite-to-dendrite communication. (In fact, the types of neurons called amacrine cells have no axons, and ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
Rule-Selection and Action-Selection have a Shared
... spatially separated regions of activation for processes at different levels of the hierarchy. This can be tested with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also sought to extend the models to the context of voluntary behavior. Both models are supported by animal literature (without refere ...
... spatially separated regions of activation for processes at different levels of the hierarchy. This can be tested with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We also sought to extend the models to the context of voluntary behavior. Both models are supported by animal literature (without refere ...
From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... cortex and those in the cerebellum. These diagrams do not depict Tactile projections t o the cerebellum. Anterior area encompasses early demonstrations of vestibular projections to the flocculonodulobulus simplex and anterior lobe and is an ipsilateral projection. lar lobe, the point-to-point relati ...
... cortex and those in the cerebellum. These diagrams do not depict Tactile projections t o the cerebellum. Anterior area encompasses early demonstrations of vestibular projections to the flocculonodulobulus simplex and anterior lobe and is an ipsilateral projection. lar lobe, the point-to-point relati ...
“Epileptic Neurons” in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... burst-firing pyramidal cells that are spontaneously active serve as pacemakers for the rest of the neuronal population, bursters and nonbursters alike. Therefore, we predicted that such neurons should discharge prior to the general neuronal population. We have examined this idea in hippocampal slice ...
... burst-firing pyramidal cells that are spontaneously active serve as pacemakers for the rest of the neuronal population, bursters and nonbursters alike. Therefore, we predicted that such neurons should discharge prior to the general neuronal population. We have examined this idea in hippocampal slice ...
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions
... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions
... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
Skeletal System
... All major spinal tracts are actually part of multineuron pathways that connect the brain to the body These ascending and descending pathways contain not only spinal cord neurons but also parts of peripheral neurons and neurons in the brain ...
... All major spinal tracts are actually part of multineuron pathways that connect the brain to the body These ascending and descending pathways contain not only spinal cord neurons but also parts of peripheral neurons and neurons in the brain ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
IBRO 2008
... cortical neurons during behaviourally relevant activity gives the essential metric for defining cell types and their contribution to the organism. In the cortical network, accurately timed and located GABA release co-operates with the information-carrying glutamatergic inputs to govern the spike ti ...
... cortical neurons during behaviourally relevant activity gives the essential metric for defining cell types and their contribution to the organism. In the cortical network, accurately timed and located GABA release co-operates with the information-carrying glutamatergic inputs to govern the spike ti ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... not based on dedicated functional (and neural) mechanisms. General sensory and motor systems may implement imitative abilities through mechanisms that are strongly reminiscent of Hebbian learning. One of the corollaries of this assumption is that imitation should not be confined to specific lineages. ...
... not based on dedicated functional (and neural) mechanisms. General sensory and motor systems may implement imitative abilities through mechanisms that are strongly reminiscent of Hebbian learning. One of the corollaries of this assumption is that imitation should not be confined to specific lineages. ...
Ominous odors: olfactory control of instinctive fear and aggression in
... forebrain regions receiving direct projections from both second order olfactory areas, most anatomical details between brain regions are not shown for clarity. Many areas are bidirectionally connected through both excitatory and inhibitory projections. This gross anatomical view neglects heterogeneo ...
... forebrain regions receiving direct projections from both second order olfactory areas, most anatomical details between brain regions are not shown for clarity. Many areas are bidirectionally connected through both excitatory and inhibitory projections. This gross anatomical view neglects heterogeneo ...
fluctuations in somatosensory responsiveness and baseline firing
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
Mechanisms of Visual Attention in the Human Cortex
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
Somatosensory and Pain
... Pain disorders when the limb is still present Causalgia is now called Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (also Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Focal pain in limb (usually hands or feet) - can spread. Usually after trauma, injury, surgery but can happen with no cause “will just not heal and stop hurting” ...
... Pain disorders when the limb is still present Causalgia is now called Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (also Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) Focal pain in limb (usually hands or feet) - can spread. Usually after trauma, injury, surgery but can happen with no cause “will just not heal and stop hurting” ...
Coordinated Optimization of Visual Cortical Maps
... solved representative examples, in which a spatially complex organization of the OP map is induced by interactions between the maps. We found that these solutions near symmetry breaking threshold predict a highly ordered map layout. Here we examine the time course of the convergence towards attracto ...
... solved representative examples, in which a spatially complex organization of the OP map is induced by interactions between the maps. We found that these solutions near symmetry breaking threshold predict a highly ordered map layout. Here we examine the time course of the convergence towards attracto ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... not based on dedicated functional (and neural) mechanisms. General sensory and motor systems may implement imitative abilities through mechanisms that are strongly reminiscent of Hebbian learning. One of the corollaries of this assumption is that imitation should not be confined to specific lineages. ...
... not based on dedicated functional (and neural) mechanisms. General sensory and motor systems may implement imitative abilities through mechanisms that are strongly reminiscent of Hebbian learning. One of the corollaries of this assumption is that imitation should not be confined to specific lineages. ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.