The Physiology and psychology of pain
... Acute pain is the primary reason why people seek medical attention and the major complaint that they describe on initial evaluation. ...
... Acute pain is the primary reason why people seek medical attention and the major complaint that they describe on initial evaluation. ...
Slide 1
... • Pain is a subjective conscious experience. Pain does not exist without the brain • CNS inhibitory or facilitatory mechanisms are remarkable efficient in decreasing or amplifying the pain experience • Changes in CNS contributes to chronic pain (reorganization: biochemical, atrophy, functions) • A b ...
... • Pain is a subjective conscious experience. Pain does not exist without the brain • CNS inhibitory or facilitatory mechanisms are remarkable efficient in decreasing or amplifying the pain experience • Changes in CNS contributes to chronic pain (reorganization: biochemical, atrophy, functions) • A b ...
18 Coordination in Behavior and Cognition
... the form of control parameters in a dynamical system. For example, candidate control parameters in neural circuits include neuromodulators and synaptic drive. A circuit may be capable of operating in distinctly different stable modes and switching between them depending on the level of synaptic driv ...
... the form of control parameters in a dynamical system. For example, candidate control parameters in neural circuits include neuromodulators and synaptic drive. A circuit may be capable of operating in distinctly different stable modes and switching between them depending on the level of synaptic driv ...
The Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Disability Debate
... sleep disturbance had persisted for 4 months. His reduced mental stamina resulted in significant problems at work and he was placed on sick leave 3 weeks earlier. The combination of pain and reduced concentration resulted in an elevated stress level that further compounded the disordered sleep and p ...
... sleep disturbance had persisted for 4 months. His reduced mental stamina resulted in significant problems at work and he was placed on sick leave 3 weeks earlier. The combination of pain and reduced concentration resulted in an elevated stress level that further compounded the disordered sleep and p ...
Properties of Single Neurons Responsive to Light Mechanical
... The classical modality- and place-specific properties of single neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system were originally defined by Mountcastle and associates (e.g., Poggio and Mountcastle, 1963; Rose and Mountcastle, 1959) primarily on the basis of studies of the mammalian thalamic vent ...
... The classical modality- and place-specific properties of single neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system were originally defined by Mountcastle and associates (e.g., Poggio and Mountcastle, 1963; Rose and Mountcastle, 1959) primarily on the basis of studies of the mammalian thalamic vent ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... different CCC isoforms have a key role in modifying a neuron’s electrophysiological phenotype during development, synaptic plasticity, and disease. While having a major role in controlling responses mediated by GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signali ...
... different CCC isoforms have a key role in modifying a neuron’s electrophysiological phenotype during development, synaptic plasticity, and disease. While having a major role in controlling responses mediated by GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signali ...
Cross-Modal Transfer of Information between the Tactile
... found in the left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV–VV and TV–TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula–claustrum. This region has been shown t ...
... found in the left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV–VV and TV–TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula–claustrum. This region has been shown t ...
Care and Problems of the Skeletal System
... You can build bone mass only during the time you are growing. Health behaviors that you practice now, during your teen years, can reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. Osteoporosis is a condition in which progressive loss of bone tissue occurs. It is a very serious bone disease ...
... You can build bone mass only during the time you are growing. Health behaviors that you practice now, during your teen years, can reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. Osteoporosis is a condition in which progressive loss of bone tissue occurs. It is a very serious bone disease ...
Chapter 15: Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous Systems
... You can build bone mass only during the time you are growing. Health behaviors that you practice now, during your teen years, can reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. Osteoporosis is a condition in which progressive loss of bone tissue occurs. It is a very serious bone disease ...
... You can build bone mass only during the time you are growing. Health behaviors that you practice now, during your teen years, can reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis later in life. Osteoporosis is a condition in which progressive loss of bone tissue occurs. It is a very serious bone disease ...
Exploration of Variability of Arkypallidal and Prototypical Projections
... clinical observation. Researchers are currently working on mapping the neural pathways for future use in medical purposes. If the human brain were successfully mapped, many side effects of current treatments could be avoided. Since there are both ethical and practical difficulties with examining the ...
... clinical observation. Researchers are currently working on mapping the neural pathways for future use in medical purposes. If the human brain were successfully mapped, many side effects of current treatments could be avoided. Since there are both ethical and practical difficulties with examining the ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
... However, testing an ion channel’s involvement in adenosinergic regulation of synaptic transmission in the intact brain is tricky, since, if modified, network excitability and hence release of neurotransmitter will be altered, notably that of adenosine itself. Moreover, loss-of-function of CaV2.1 cha ...
... However, testing an ion channel’s involvement in adenosinergic regulation of synaptic transmission in the intact brain is tricky, since, if modified, network excitability and hence release of neurotransmitter will be altered, notably that of adenosine itself. Moreover, loss-of-function of CaV2.1 cha ...
Mirroring others` emotions relates to empathy and
... internal simulation of others’ emotions via this mechanism is also thought to support our ability to empathize with others — particularly the affective (“I feel what you feel”) aspects of empathy (for a distinction between emotional and cognitive perspective-taking components of empathy, see Baron-C ...
... internal simulation of others’ emotions via this mechanism is also thought to support our ability to empathize with others — particularly the affective (“I feel what you feel”) aspects of empathy (for a distinction between emotional and cognitive perspective-taking components of empathy, see Baron-C ...
Chapter 2: Communication Within the Nervous System
... appreciate the importance of biological psychology in its own right. This book is for them, too, but I wrote it so any student who is interested in behavior, including the newly declared sophomore major or the curious student who has wandered over from the history department, could have the deeper u ...
... appreciate the importance of biological psychology in its own right. This book is for them, too, but I wrote it so any student who is interested in behavior, including the newly declared sophomore major or the curious student who has wandered over from the history department, could have the deeper u ...
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity: common themes
... Miller 1986) leading to rate based learning rules. Markram et al. (1997), however, showed that synapses can be robustly weakened if the presynaptic spike arrived shortly after the postsynaptic spike and that the transition between potentiation and depression is very sharp (Fig. 1B). Later studies co ...
... Miller 1986) leading to rate based learning rules. Markram et al. (1997), however, showed that synapses can be robustly weakened if the presynaptic spike arrived shortly after the postsynaptic spike and that the transition between potentiation and depression is very sharp (Fig. 1B). Later studies co ...
Role of the Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus in
... In the late 1800s and early 1900s, several lesion and stimulation studies identified the rostral hypothalamus as an important neural structure in the regulation of body temperature [1–10]. The compilation of years of lesion studies suggests that no single neural area acts as the center for thermoreg ...
... In the late 1800s and early 1900s, several lesion and stimulation studies identified the rostral hypothalamus as an important neural structure in the regulation of body temperature [1–10]. The compilation of years of lesion studies suggests that no single neural area acts as the center for thermoreg ...
AN INTEGRATIVE THEORY OF LOCUS
... By decision processes, we mean those processes responsible for mapping task-relevant stimuli onto the corresponding response. As we discuss further below, there is growing evidence that, for simple tasks, such processes may be implemented relatively early in the processing stream, distinct from and ...
... By decision processes, we mean those processes responsible for mapping task-relevant stimuli onto the corresponding response. As we discuss further below, there is growing evidence that, for simple tasks, such processes may be implemented relatively early in the processing stream, distinct from and ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... Figure 1. Neural responses in both rat and human OFC during reversal learning signal expectations of a subsequent reward outcome. A, Illustration of generic discrimination reversal task in which the subject is presented with two stimuli and on each trial gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if ch ...
... Figure 1. Neural responses in both rat and human OFC during reversal learning signal expectations of a subsequent reward outcome. A, Illustration of generic discrimination reversal task in which the subject is presented with two stimuli and on each trial gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if ch ...
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
... with certain receptors can receive the signals. Think of your nervous system being like cable television. A physical wire connects your television to the cable provider. Similarly, your nervous system sends its signals through a physical network of specialized tissues. The nervous and endocrine sy ...
... with certain receptors can receive the signals. Think of your nervous system being like cable television. A physical wire connects your television to the cable provider. Similarly, your nervous system sends its signals through a physical network of specialized tissues. The nervous and endocrine sy ...
Presumed Apoptosis and Reduced Arcuate Nucleus
... those seen in humans (6,8,9,30) and were associated with apparent apoptosis of cells in the ARC occurring between 24 and 48 h after the first episode. No consistent evidence of apoptotic or necrotic cell death was seen in any other brain area, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal gangli ...
... those seen in humans (6,8,9,30) and were associated with apparent apoptosis of cells in the ARC occurring between 24 and 48 h after the first episode. No consistent evidence of apoptotic or necrotic cell death was seen in any other brain area, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal gangli ...
Module 3 and 4 Practice Test
... a. reticular formation. b. cerebellum. c. medulla. d. amygdala. e. thalamus. ____ 28. Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the a. thalamus. b. cerebellum. c. reticular formation. d. limbic system. e. angular gyrus. ____ 29. The thin surface layer of interconnect ...
... a. reticular formation. b. cerebellum. c. medulla. d. amygdala. e. thalamus. ____ 28. Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in the a. thalamus. b. cerebellum. c. reticular formation. d. limbic system. e. angular gyrus. ____ 29. The thin surface layer of interconnect ...
1 Removing the Constraints on Our Choices: A Psychobiological
... People with low neurological thresholds are sensation avoiders. They stay away from distracting settings and often leave a room if others are moving, talking, or bumping into them. They create rituals for daily routines, which may be an attempt to generate familiar and predictable sensory patterns f ...
... People with low neurological thresholds are sensation avoiders. They stay away from distracting settings and often leave a room if others are moving, talking, or bumping into them. They create rituals for daily routines, which may be an attempt to generate familiar and predictable sensory patterns f ...
General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal
... thought to exist at the α–δ interface)28. This is a promising but technically difficult approach owing to the small quantities of receptor that are available, the low levels of labelling that occur, and because the labelling can occur preferentially, with some amino acids reacting far more efficient ...
... thought to exist at the α–δ interface)28. This is a promising but technically difficult approach owing to the small quantities of receptor that are available, the low levels of labelling that occur, and because the labelling can occur preferentially, with some amino acids reacting far more efficient ...
Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance
... By decision processes, we mean those processes responsible for mapping task-relevant stimuli onto the corresponding response. As we discuss further below, there is growing evidence that, for simple tasks, such processes may be implemented relatively early in the processing stream, distinct from and ...
... By decision processes, we mean those processes responsible for mapping task-relevant stimuli onto the corresponding response. As we discuss further below, there is growing evidence that, for simple tasks, such processes may be implemented relatively early in the processing stream, distinct from and ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
... implies the importance of chemosensation. Due to their well-developed sense of smell and easily accessible nervous system, moths have served as suitable model organisms for researchers exploring general principles underlying odor information processing. Like in other insects, moths perceive odorants ...
PDF
... Corticofugal pathways originating in auditory cortex innervate most subcortical auditory nuclei in the ascending pathway [Auditory Neurosci. 1 (1995) 287–308; J. Comp. Neurol. 371 (1996) 15–40]. Our goal is to determine if these projections arise from the same neurons or if different neurons project ...
... Corticofugal pathways originating in auditory cortex innervate most subcortical auditory nuclei in the ascending pathway [Auditory Neurosci. 1 (1995) 287–308; J. Comp. Neurol. 371 (1996) 15–40]. Our goal is to determine if these projections arise from the same neurons or if different neurons project ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.