An ontology-based search engine for digital
... Abstract Neuronal morphology is extremely diverse across and within animal species, developmental stages, brain regions, and cell types. This diversity is functionally important because neuronal structure strongly affects synaptic integration, spiking dynamics, and network connectivity. Digital reco ...
... Abstract Neuronal morphology is extremely diverse across and within animal species, developmental stages, brain regions, and cell types. This diversity is functionally important because neuronal structure strongly affects synaptic integration, spiking dynamics, and network connectivity. Digital reco ...
Cortical Parcellations of the Macaque Monkey
... 1991; Kaas 2005). The macaque monkey is the most intensively studied nonhuman primate, yet despite a century’s effort, an accurate, consensus cortical parcellation is lacking for most of macaque cortex. A primary reason is that differences between neighboring areas are often subtle when assessed by ...
... 1991; Kaas 2005). The macaque monkey is the most intensively studied nonhuman primate, yet despite a century’s effort, an accurate, consensus cortical parcellation is lacking for most of macaque cortex. A primary reason is that differences between neighboring areas are often subtle when assessed by ...
Neurobehavioral evidence for individual differences in
... functions are not strictly modular, occurring instead across networks (Farah 1994). Regional ablation may remove cortex important for a certain type of processing, but also sever connections between other regions not lesioned. Fourth, because these brain lesions were irreversible, they did not allow ...
... functions are not strictly modular, occurring instead across networks (Farah 1994). Regional ablation may remove cortex important for a certain type of processing, but also sever connections between other regions not lesioned. Fourth, because these brain lesions were irreversible, they did not allow ...
Axonogenesis in the Brain of Zebrafish Embryos
... the cell bodiesof neuronswhich have begun axonogenesis.It is likely that embryonic axons are labeled to the baseof growth conessincebroad, unlabeled processescan be seenat the distal end of labeledaxons with DIC optics (data not shown).Labeled axons are readily distinguishablefrom cilia or ependymal ...
... the cell bodiesof neuronswhich have begun axonogenesis.It is likely that embryonic axons are labeled to the baseof growth conessincebroad, unlabeled processescan be seenat the distal end of labeledaxons with DIC optics (data not shown).Labeled axons are readily distinguishablefrom cilia or ependymal ...
The Basal Ganglia
... and tere bral Cortex The bfsal ganglia were traditionally thought to function only ~ voluntary movement. Indeed, fOTsome time it W= s b lieved that the basal ganglia sent their entire output to the motor cortex via the thalamus and thus act as a I through which movement is initiated by different C~ ...
... and tere bral Cortex The bfsal ganglia were traditionally thought to function only ~ voluntary movement. Indeed, fOTsome time it W= s b lieved that the basal ganglia sent their entire output to the motor cortex via the thalamus and thus act as a I through which movement is initiated by different C~ ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
... We will discuss below our doubts about the utility of coincidence detection models for cortical neurons, but suppose for a moment that we grant the existence of these detectors. If there were special detectors configured to detect the coincident activity of particular groups of their input neurons, ...
... We will discuss below our doubts about the utility of coincidence detection models for cortical neurons, but suppose for a moment that we grant the existence of these detectors. If there were special detectors configured to detect the coincident activity of particular groups of their input neurons, ...
Mapping the Brain
... similar principles and similar puzzles as to how circuit function arises from the component neurons and their interactions. What do functional and anatomical maps reveal? We begin with the connectivity diagram of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab, Cancer borealis (Fig. 1a) and a graph of ...
... similar principles and similar puzzles as to how circuit function arises from the component neurons and their interactions. What do functional and anatomical maps reveal? We begin with the connectivity diagram of the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the crab, Cancer borealis (Fig. 1a) and a graph of ...
The seasonal hippocampus of food-storing birds.
... points – October, January, April and July – and because the birds had previously been banded we were able to ensure our samples included only adults one year of age or older (Hoshooley et al., 2007). Birds were given BrdU on the day following capture then held in captivity for 7 days to permit obser ...
... points – October, January, April and July – and because the birds had previously been banded we were able to ensure our samples included only adults one year of age or older (Hoshooley et al., 2007). Birds were given BrdU on the day following capture then held in captivity for 7 days to permit obser ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... be specified in one instruction (Apel et al., personal communication). Rehearsal generates imagery of ...
... be specified in one instruction (Apel et al., personal communication). Rehearsal generates imagery of ...
Biological Foundations of Behavior
... © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved ...
... © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved ...
Review of "Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self" by John Eccles
... support of his saltatory view of evolution.<1> The interesting thing about Eccles' view is that these changes have no selective value, at least initially. It is only later that they may have such an advantage. This phenomenon Eccles calls anticipatory evolution, which is similar to what Gould and Vr ...
... support of his saltatory view of evolution.<1> The interesting thing about Eccles' view is that these changes have no selective value, at least initially. It is only later that they may have such an advantage. This phenomenon Eccles calls anticipatory evolution, which is similar to what Gould and Vr ...
Questions and Answers From Episode 27
... Answer: The olfactory consists of sensory receptors that are located in the nasal mucosa that are bathed in nasal mucus. The mucus protects the receptors and also contains growth factors that help to maintain the function of the receptors. In order for an odorant to be smelled, the receptor must be ...
... Answer: The olfactory consists of sensory receptors that are located in the nasal mucosa that are bathed in nasal mucus. The mucus protects the receptors and also contains growth factors that help to maintain the function of the receptors. In order for an odorant to be smelled, the receptor must be ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... Effect of Lateral Inhibition- increases the degree of contrast in the perceived spatial pattern a. Virtually every sensory pathway, when excited, gives rise simultaneously to lateral inhibitory signals b. Importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals and ...
... Effect of Lateral Inhibition- increases the degree of contrast in the perceived spatial pattern a. Virtually every sensory pathway, when excited, gives rise simultaneously to lateral inhibitory signals b. Importance of lateral inhibition is that it blocks the lateral spread of excitatory signals and ...
Ch. 3–Biological Basis of Behavior PPT
... The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobes (thinking; motor cortex) Parietal lobes (somatosensory cortex and spatial relationships) Occipital lobes (contain visual cortex) Temporal lobes (memory, hearing [language] emotion [limbic system]) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 ...
... The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobes (thinking; motor cortex) Parietal lobes (somatosensory cortex and spatial relationships) Occipital lobes (contain visual cortex) Temporal lobes (memory, hearing [language] emotion [limbic system]) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 ...
The cortical language circuit: from auditory perception to sentence
... Figure 1. The cortical language circuit (schematic view of the left hemisphere). The major gyri involved in language processing are colorcoded. In the frontal cortex, four language-related regions are labeled: three cytoarchitectonically defined Brodmann [39] areas (BA 47, 45, 44), the premotor cort ...
... Figure 1. The cortical language circuit (schematic view of the left hemisphere). The major gyri involved in language processing are colorcoded. In the frontal cortex, four language-related regions are labeled: three cytoarchitectonically defined Brodmann [39] areas (BA 47, 45, 44), the premotor cort ...
Neural Correlates of Executive Control in the Avian Brain
... our memory capacity is impressive, it is not limitless [19,25,26]. We must have the ability, therefore, to filter information, allowing access to memory or retaining in memory that which is relevant, while restricting access to memory or discarding from memory that which is not. Our data are the first ...
... our memory capacity is impressive, it is not limitless [19,25,26]. We must have the ability, therefore, to filter information, allowing access to memory or retaining in memory that which is relevant, while restricting access to memory or discarding from memory that which is not. Our data are the first ...
Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and
... or of visual space perception. The spatial deficits propose that this loss of awareness includes not only reported here could result from restricted visual atten- the loss of abstract perception but also the loss of tion, i.e., the inability to attend simultaneously to two internal spatial represent ...
... or of visual space perception. The spatial deficits propose that this loss of awareness includes not only reported here could result from restricted visual atten- the loss of abstract perception but also the loss of tion, i.e., the inability to attend simultaneously to two internal spatial represent ...
Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
Neurotransmitters
... transmission of information from one neuron to another. It takes the same path all the time - it is a process of conducting information from a stimulus by the dendrite of one neuron and carrying it through the axon and on to the next neuron. Let's look at all the elements that are involved in the ne ...
... transmission of information from one neuron to another. It takes the same path all the time - it is a process of conducting information from a stimulus by the dendrite of one neuron and carrying it through the axon and on to the next neuron. Let's look at all the elements that are involved in the ne ...
Role of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus in rat whisker pad
... were previously identified by their responses to masseter muscle stretching. Changes in TMne spontaneous electrical activities, analyzed under baseline conditions and during whisking movements, were statistically evaluated using Student’s t-test for paired observations. Results: Neuroanatomical expe ...
... were previously identified by their responses to masseter muscle stretching. Changes in TMne spontaneous electrical activities, analyzed under baseline conditions and during whisking movements, were statistically evaluated using Student’s t-test for paired observations. Results: Neuroanatomical expe ...
The representation of Kanizsa illusory contours in the monkey
... temporal (IT) cortex, researchers have used stimulus-reduction to find the features determining the responses of IT cells (Tanaka, 1992; Sugase et al., 1999). In earlier studies we systematically removed the surface-determining features of complex, coloured stimuli. We removed the colour (Tompa et al ...
... temporal (IT) cortex, researchers have used stimulus-reduction to find the features determining the responses of IT cells (Tanaka, 1992; Sugase et al., 1999). In earlier studies we systematically removed the surface-determining features of complex, coloured stimuli. We removed the colour (Tompa et al ...
Self-Organization and Functional Role of Lateral Connections and
... lateral connectivity of the cortex is not explicitly taken into account. Such models do not explicitly replicate the activity dynamics of the visual cortex, and therefore can make only limited predictions about interactions between receptive elds and cortical function. Recent experiments have shown ...
... lateral connectivity of the cortex is not explicitly taken into account. Such models do not explicitly replicate the activity dynamics of the visual cortex, and therefore can make only limited predictions about interactions between receptive elds and cortical function. Recent experiments have shown ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.