Gene expression in the rat brain: High similarity but unique
... Background: The six-layered neocortex of the mammalian brain may appear largely homologous, but is in reality a modular structure of anatomically and functionally distinct areas. However, global gene expression seems to be almost identical across the cerebral cortex and only a few genes have so far ...
... Background: The six-layered neocortex of the mammalian brain may appear largely homologous, but is in reality a modular structure of anatomically and functionally distinct areas. However, global gene expression seems to be almost identical across the cerebral cortex and only a few genes have so far ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... Primary auditory cortex offers another example of a cortical region in which convergent evidence implicates synaptic disruptions in the pathology of schizophrenia. In subjects with schizophrenia, the processing of sensory information within AI is impaired, manifest as the reduced ability to discrimi ...
... Primary auditory cortex offers another example of a cortical region in which convergent evidence implicates synaptic disruptions in the pathology of schizophrenia. In subjects with schizophrenia, the processing of sensory information within AI is impaired, manifest as the reduced ability to discrimi ...
Visual Response Properties of Neurons in Four Extrastriate Visual
... and cement over a large portion of the skull insured a strong bond. The chamber could be positioned for microelectrode penetrations nearly perpendicular to the cortical surface or for obliquely angled penetrations. After the chamber was in place, the exposed brain visible through the unopened dura m ...
... and cement over a large portion of the skull insured a strong bond. The chamber could be positioned for microelectrode penetrations nearly perpendicular to the cortical surface or for obliquely angled penetrations. After the chamber was in place, the exposed brain visible through the unopened dura m ...
A first-principle for the nervous system
... nervous system functions can be explained. It is also necessary to understand its structural details that can provide unique circuit properties capable of interconnecting data collected from various levels (Sejnowski et al., 2014). At a minimum, it should be a testable mechanism that can operate in ...
... nervous system functions can be explained. It is also necessary to understand its structural details that can provide unique circuit properties capable of interconnecting data collected from various levels (Sejnowski et al., 2014). At a minimum, it should be a testable mechanism that can operate in ...
Study of the human hypoglossal nucleus: Normal development and
... without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis or victim age, in all cases in the same histological sections, selected at the anatomic level of the obex. The following parameters were evaluated: - Surface area: Surface area of the HGN (mm2). The outer boundary of the nucleus was delineated on both side ...
... without knowledge of the clinical diagnosis or victim age, in all cases in the same histological sections, selected at the anatomic level of the obex. The following parameters were evaluated: - Surface area: Surface area of the HGN (mm2). The outer boundary of the nucleus was delineated on both side ...
Researchers inch closer to causes, cures for insomnia, narcolepsy
... direct drugs to those areas,” he says. Treating a disorder before it is fully understood is hard, but researchers are developing some new therapies that seem to work. Several reports over the last few years have explored a treatment called cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or CBTi. The meth ...
... direct drugs to those areas,” he says. Treating a disorder before it is fully understood is hard, but researchers are developing some new therapies that seem to work. Several reports over the last few years have explored a treatment called cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, or CBTi. The meth ...
Neural ensemble coding and statistical periodicity: Speculations on
... J.G. Milton, M.C. Mackey / Journal of Physiology 94 (2000) 489– 503 ...
... J.G. Milton, M.C. Mackey / Journal of Physiology 94 (2000) 489– 503 ...
Increased taste intensity perception exhibited by
... Weinstein, 2001). Diagnosis was performed by experienced clinicians based on history, general physical exam, and detailed neurological exam, especially sensory, motor, reflex and gait examinations. Briefly, all CBP patients had unrelenting pain for more than one year, primarily localized to the lumb ...
... Weinstein, 2001). Diagnosis was performed by experienced clinicians based on history, general physical exam, and detailed neurological exam, especially sensory, motor, reflex and gait examinations. Briefly, all CBP patients had unrelenting pain for more than one year, primarily localized to the lumb ...
memory systems in the brain
... of the intended relevance to humans, emphasis is placed here on research in nonhuman primates. This is important because many brain systems, including systems in the temporal lobes and the prefrontal cortex, have undergone considerable development in primates. The elaboration of some of these brain ...
... of the intended relevance to humans, emphasis is placed here on research in nonhuman primates. This is important because many brain systems, including systems in the temporal lobes and the prefrontal cortex, have undergone considerable development in primates. The elaboration of some of these brain ...
empathize with fictional characters
... and Kaschak 2002). This embodied semantic framework has generated many experiments providing links between language and action (Hauk et al. 2004; Pulvermüller et al. 2006; Tettamanti et al. 2005). After the discovery of mirror neurons, brain imaging studies investigated the links between neural mirr ...
... and Kaschak 2002). This embodied semantic framework has generated many experiments providing links between language and action (Hauk et al. 2004; Pulvermüller et al. 2006; Tettamanti et al. 2005). After the discovery of mirror neurons, brain imaging studies investigated the links between neural mirr ...
Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure
... this newfound capacity to self-regulate can be used not only for comparatively banal tasks such as maintaining posture or using one’s non-dominant hand, but also for behaviors with important health consequences such as resisting the temptation to smoke. If self-regulatory capacity can be increased t ...
... this newfound capacity to self-regulate can be used not only for comparatively banal tasks such as maintaining posture or using one’s non-dominant hand, but also for behaviors with important health consequences such as resisting the temptation to smoke. If self-regulatory capacity can be increased t ...
PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers
... More Fun Facts about REM Sleep • REM is called paradoxical sleep as brain waves are similar to waking state (Beta/Alpha) , but a person is deeply asleep and unable to move (muscle atonia) • Most vivid dreaming takes place during REM sleep ...
... More Fun Facts about REM Sleep • REM is called paradoxical sleep as brain waves are similar to waking state (Beta/Alpha) , but a person is deeply asleep and unable to move (muscle atonia) • Most vivid dreaming takes place during REM sleep ...
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity Orchestrates the Response of Pyramidal
... or interneurons were classified to determine (particularly for the interneuron) whether the post-synaptic cell was one receiving depressing or facilitating excitatory synapses. Following this, an excitant solution was added to the bathing medium to induce population bursts. Voltage traces of neurons ...
... or interneurons were classified to determine (particularly for the interneuron) whether the post-synaptic cell was one receiving depressing or facilitating excitatory synapses. Following this, an excitant solution was added to the bathing medium to induce population bursts. Voltage traces of neurons ...
Life and Death of Neurons in the Aging Brain
... and thereby playing a crucial role in memory (9, 10) (Fig. 1). This circuit is invariably devastated by extensive NF T formation in AD, even at the earliest stages of the disease (11). The layer II neurons of the EC are rich in neurofilament protein in the healthy state, but even after normal aging, ...
... and thereby playing a crucial role in memory (9, 10) (Fig. 1). This circuit is invariably devastated by extensive NF T formation in AD, even at the earliest stages of the disease (11). The layer II neurons of the EC are rich in neurofilament protein in the healthy state, but even after normal aging, ...
Morphology, Deep cerebellar nuclei, C. gambianus
... being responsible for the planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements. The present results suggest that the large DN in the AGR is related to the animal ability to use their extremities, particularly in handling and grasping of grasses and other food materials in the wild /and or captivi ...
... being responsible for the planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements. The present results suggest that the large DN in the AGR is related to the animal ability to use their extremities, particularly in handling and grasping of grasses and other food materials in the wild /and or captivi ...
Brain regions involved in heading estimation and steering control in
... extensive neural network in addition to the brain regions required for heading discrimination. Identifying which brain regions are involved in locomotive steering and heading discrimination, using a texture-rich ecological environment, may help us understand why those afflicted by CNS lesions have d ...
... extensive neural network in addition to the brain regions required for heading discrimination. Identifying which brain regions are involved in locomotive steering and heading discrimination, using a texture-rich ecological environment, may help us understand why those afflicted by CNS lesions have d ...
Horvitz, J.C. Stimulus-response and response
... respond to the presentation of non-reward-related visual target stimuli (interspersed with reward-related target trials) approximately 40 ms prior to the onset of the DA inhibitory response to salient non-reward stimuli [83,92]. The rapid non-discriminating activation onset of the DA response may se ...
... respond to the presentation of non-reward-related visual target stimuli (interspersed with reward-related target trials) approximately 40 ms prior to the onset of the DA inhibitory response to salient non-reward stimuli [83,92]. The rapid non-discriminating activation onset of the DA response may se ...
Proceedings of 2014 BMI the Third International Conference on
... On one hand neuroscience is rich in data and poor in theory. On the other hand, many computer scientists are busy with engineering inspired methods, not motivated by brain in ...
... On one hand neuroscience is rich in data and poor in theory. On the other hand, many computer scientists are busy with engineering inspired methods, not motivated by brain in ...
Applauding with Closed Hands: Neural Signature of Action
... Another study demonstrated that this difference not only exists between categories but also within them, e.g., the specific contributions of motor channels within a modality-specific category of artifacts ([5] for reviews, see, [6,7]). Hence, the motor repertoire becomes a semantic repertoire. In th ...
... Another study demonstrated that this difference not only exists between categories but also within them, e.g., the specific contributions of motor channels within a modality-specific category of artifacts ([5] for reviews, see, [6,7]). Hence, the motor repertoire becomes a semantic repertoire. In th ...
Models and Measurements of Functional Maps in V1
... from single-unit studies that individual neurons are preferentially sensitive to a small set of stimulus features and that neuronal sensitivity to these features varies across the cortical sheet within a visual area (Hubel and Wiesel 1962). Over the last 20 years, optical imaging has allowed the act ...
... from single-unit studies that individual neurons are preferentially sensitive to a small set of stimulus features and that neuronal sensitivity to these features varies across the cortical sheet within a visual area (Hubel and Wiesel 1962). Over the last 20 years, optical imaging has allowed the act ...
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate
... other enabling factors in this process, as both features preceded the expansion of the brain, and notably, the development and utilization of tools (Wood, 2010). Similarly, central and peripheral vocal structures, initially used for a variety of non-linguistic reasons (chewing, larynx protection, si ...
... other enabling factors in this process, as both features preceded the expansion of the brain, and notably, the development and utilization of tools (Wood, 2010). Similarly, central and peripheral vocal structures, initially used for a variety of non-linguistic reasons (chewing, larynx protection, si ...
Chapter 6 — Gross Anatomy of the Brain
... central sulcus. The region of the frontal lobe located anterior to the precentral sulcus is subdivided into the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. This subdivision is due to the presence, though inconsistent, of two longitudinally disposed sulci, the superior and inferior frontal sulci. Th ...
... central sulcus. The region of the frontal lobe located anterior to the precentral sulcus is subdivided into the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. This subdivision is due to the presence, though inconsistent, of two longitudinally disposed sulci, the superior and inferior frontal sulci. Th ...
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... human and non-human primates. Contemporary anatomical methods of the motor system are based on the visualization of specific groups of brain cells (both neurons and glia) using immunological methods. These cells are detected using specific antibodies against proteins present in cell organelles or in ...
... human and non-human primates. Contemporary anatomical methods of the motor system are based on the visualization of specific groups of brain cells (both neurons and glia) using immunological methods. These cells are detected using specific antibodies against proteins present in cell organelles or in ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.