Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Pragmatic, Semantic
... processes, many operating upon narrative and discourse-level material such as nonliteral language, stories, jokes, and conversations. The study of right-brain-damaged patients suggests that some of these operations are subserved by the right hemisphere (Joanette & Brownell, 1990). In the current stu ...
... processes, many operating upon narrative and discourse-level material such as nonliteral language, stories, jokes, and conversations. The study of right-brain-damaged patients suggests that some of these operations are subserved by the right hemisphere (Joanette & Brownell, 1990). In the current stu ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... 4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)] and slow time courses [Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)]. Each feed-forward interneuron connects to 10 pyramidal cells. These synapses elicit synaptic potentials with both fast (20%) and slow (80%) time courses representing GABAA and GABAB receptors. Both time courses hav ...
... 4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)] and slow time courses [Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)]. Each feed-forward interneuron connects to 10 pyramidal cells. These synapses elicit synaptic potentials with both fast (20%) and slow (80%) time courses representing GABAA and GABAB receptors. Both time courses hav ...
Brainstem: neural networks vital for life
... made to understand how the brainstem performs its functions under normal conditions and also in conditions that give rise to devastating but common clinical disorders. 3. AIMS OF THIS DISCUSSION MEETING One major objective of this Royal Society Discussion Meeting was to correct an obvious imbalance ...
... made to understand how the brainstem performs its functions under normal conditions and also in conditions that give rise to devastating but common clinical disorders. 3. AIMS OF THIS DISCUSSION MEETING One major objective of this Royal Society Discussion Meeting was to correct an obvious imbalance ...
Vigneau et al.
... addition to generating substantial empirical data on this subject in the form of thousands of activation peak coordinates reported in a decade of language studies. We performed a large-scale meta-analysis of this literature, aimed at defining the composition of the phonological, semantic, and senten ...
... addition to generating substantial empirical data on this subject in the form of thousands of activation peak coordinates reported in a decade of language studies. We performed a large-scale meta-analysis of this literature, aimed at defining the composition of the phonological, semantic, and senten ...
The neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig
... on the soma and dendrites in the youngest animals than have been reported in the adult [23,34]. Schwyn and Fox [34] as well as Phelps and Adinolfi [33] came to the conclusion that most of these spines observed in the SN newborn infant disappear during the early stages of development. A significant l ...
... on the soma and dendrites in the youngest animals than have been reported in the adult [23,34]. Schwyn and Fox [34] as well as Phelps and Adinolfi [33] came to the conclusion that most of these spines observed in the SN newborn infant disappear during the early stages of development. A significant l ...
Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum
... of ethanol. A single exposure of ethanol to rat pups depletes Purkinje cells on postnatal days four to six and cerebellar granule neurons on postnatal days six to eight [3–8]. It has been suggested that the endogenous levels of antioxidants in the cerebellum and hippocampus, being lower when compare ...
... of ethanol. A single exposure of ethanol to rat pups depletes Purkinje cells on postnatal days four to six and cerebellar granule neurons on postnatal days six to eight [3–8]. It has been suggested that the endogenous levels of antioxidants in the cerebellum and hippocampus, being lower when compare ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... likely to be generated again in the future, whereas actions that are followed by negative outcomes are less likely to reoccur. This fundamental reinforcement learning principle has been developed by the artificial intelligence community into a body of algorithms used to train autonomous systems to o ...
... likely to be generated again in the future, whereas actions that are followed by negative outcomes are less likely to reoccur. This fundamental reinforcement learning principle has been developed by the artificial intelligence community into a body of algorithms used to train autonomous systems to o ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... the anatomical organization of the afferent and efferent connections to the nucleus accumbens suggests that it is ideally positioned to translate the affective assessment of food into the behavioral expression of feeding. Indeed, significant projections to the opioid-sensitive feeding zone within th ...
... the anatomical organization of the afferent and efferent connections to the nucleus accumbens suggests that it is ideally positioned to translate the affective assessment of food into the behavioral expression of feeding. Indeed, significant projections to the opioid-sensitive feeding zone within th ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... B) PDE5 protein was detected in human cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum by western blot, using two different antibodies to PDE5 (Cell Signaling and Atlas, see methods). All values are normalized by -tubulin. Then, for each antibody, the values for hippocampus and cerebellum are normalized to cort ...
... B) PDE5 protein was detected in human cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum by western blot, using two different antibodies to PDE5 (Cell Signaling and Atlas, see methods). All values are normalized by -tubulin. Then, for each antibody, the values for hippocampus and cerebellum are normalized to cort ...
Ascending Sensory Pathways
... GTOs detect sensory input neuromuscular (muscle) spindles and from the skeletal muscle and the GTOs (neurotendinous spindles), are associated with skeletal muscle only transmit it to the spinal cord ...
... GTOs detect sensory input neuromuscular (muscle) spindles and from the skeletal muscle and the GTOs (neurotendinous spindles), are associated with skeletal muscle only transmit it to the spinal cord ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... cortex showing a correlation with the subjective pleasantness ratings of the odours. Thus the results suggest that there is a hedonic map of the sense of smell in brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, and these results have implications for understanding the psychiatric and related problem ...
... cortex showing a correlation with the subjective pleasantness ratings of the odours. Thus the results suggest that there is a hedonic map of the sense of smell in brain regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, and these results have implications for understanding the psychiatric and related problem ...
Neurofeedback Treatment of Epilepsy
... cortex and spreading to lateral cortex with a fast low-voltage discharge (FLVD) which spread rapidly to neocortex and high coherence between medial and lateral structures. A third group exhibits FLVD starting in lateral neocortex and spreading rapidly to hippocampus and amygdala, with high coherence ...
... cortex and spreading to lateral cortex with a fast low-voltage discharge (FLVD) which spread rapidly to neocortex and high coherence between medial and lateral structures. A third group exhibits FLVD starting in lateral neocortex and spreading rapidly to hippocampus and amygdala, with high coherence ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... the undercut and control group was surprising because previous experiments have shown decreased KCC2 immunoreactivity in neurons of layer V of undercut cortex (Prince et al. 2000; D. A. Prince, unpublished data) and decreased KCC2 expression resulting in a positive shift in ECl and depolarizing GABA ...
... the undercut and control group was surprising because previous experiments have shown decreased KCC2 immunoreactivity in neurons of layer V of undercut cortex (Prince et al. 2000; D. A. Prince, unpublished data) and decreased KCC2 expression resulting in a positive shift in ECl and depolarizing GABA ...
Gradual increase in neuronal density of rats
... Directive of 24 November 1986 for the care and use of laboratory animals, and we received study approval from the Animal Experiments and Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences. All efforts were made to reduce animal suffering. The rats were cardially perfused under deep ether anesth ...
... Directive of 24 November 1986 for the care and use of laboratory animals, and we received study approval from the Animal Experiments and Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences. All efforts were made to reduce animal suffering. The rats were cardially perfused under deep ether anesth ...
The amygdala - University of Puget Sound
... cortex. In this Primer, I will focus on the scientific implications of the research, discussing the anatomical structure, connectivity, cellular properties and behavioral functions of the amygdala. Anatomical organization The amygdala was first recognized as a distinct brain region in the early 19th ...
... cortex. In this Primer, I will focus on the scientific implications of the research, discussing the anatomical structure, connectivity, cellular properties and behavioral functions of the amygdala. Anatomical organization The amygdala was first recognized as a distinct brain region in the early 19th ...
Central Nervous System
... 5 Repolarization. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes again, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the outside surface. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization. ...
... 5 Repolarization. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes again, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the outside surface. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization. ...
spinal cord - Zanichelli
... Ions channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier, so action potential jumps from one node to the other and travels faster in a saltatory conduction. ...
... Ions channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier, so action potential jumps from one node to the other and travels faster in a saltatory conduction. ...
Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation
... To examine the effect of perception on motor production, investigators designed an experiment based on reproducing observed motion (Kerzel et al., 2000). Participants were instructed to watch a “launching event” on a computer screen in which a disk (object A) collided with another disk (object B) an ...
... To examine the effect of perception on motor production, investigators designed an experiment based on reproducing observed motion (Kerzel et al., 2000). Participants were instructed to watch a “launching event” on a computer screen in which a disk (object A) collided with another disk (object B) an ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... send axons to basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi and SNr), where they form excitatory synapses on the inhibitory output neurons. The net effect of indirect-pathway activity is thought to involve an inhibition of thalamocortical projection neurons, which would reduce cortical premotor drive and inhibit ...
... send axons to basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi and SNr), where they form excitatory synapses on the inhibitory output neurons. The net effect of indirect-pathway activity is thought to involve an inhibition of thalamocortical projection neurons, which would reduce cortical premotor drive and inhibit ...
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
... evolved biological system, the goal of vision is not to produce a veridical description of the external world but a description that facilitates adaptive behavior. Those aspects of the input that contain information critical for behavior will be emphasized and those aspects that carry little informa ...
... evolved biological system, the goal of vision is not to produce a veridical description of the external world but a description that facilitates adaptive behavior. Those aspects of the input that contain information critical for behavior will be emphasized and those aspects that carry little informa ...
resumo_pertes_mecani..
... Action potentials are created through the process of depolarization. To understand this process, it is necessary to have a basic knowledge about the physiology of nerve cells. A nerve cell is bounded by membranes composed of bilayers of lipoprotein. At rest, an electrical charge is maintained across ...
... Action potentials are created through the process of depolarization. To understand this process, it is necessary to have a basic knowledge about the physiology of nerve cells. A nerve cell is bounded by membranes composed of bilayers of lipoprotein. At rest, an electrical charge is maintained across ...
The pattern of ocular dominance columns in macaque visual cortex
... Because the dark bands were similar in width to the bands of terminal degeneration which have been shown to result from single-layer lesions of the lateral geniculate body, i t seemed possible that they corresponded to ocular dominance columns. To test this idea, the boundaries of ocular dominance c ...
... Because the dark bands were similar in width to the bands of terminal degeneration which have been shown to result from single-layer lesions of the lateral geniculate body, i t seemed possible that they corresponded to ocular dominance columns. To test this idea, the boundaries of ocular dominance c ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... One striking aspect of Drosophila vision research is how simple the behavioral paradigms often are, compared with the complexity of the underlying circuits introduced above. Again, this is because initial approaches to vision were necessarily reductionist. These assays often involved fly populations ...
... One striking aspect of Drosophila vision research is how simple the behavioral paradigms often are, compared with the complexity of the underlying circuits introduced above. Again, this is because initial approaches to vision were necessarily reductionist. These assays often involved fly populations ...
Deep Brain Stimulation Does Not Silence Neurons in Subthalamic
... of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. One is that stimulation inactivates STN neurons, producing a functional lesion. The other is that electrical stimulation activates the STN output, thus “jamming” pathological activity in basal gang ...
... of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. One is that stimulation inactivates STN neurons, producing a functional lesion. The other is that electrical stimulation activates the STN output, thus “jamming” pathological activity in basal gang ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... extent that the human motor cortex is deeply involved in reflex regulation and it is common to speak of “transcortical reflex loops.” Such loops appear to add flexibility to the human stretch reflex, once considered to be immutable, allowing it to adapt across a range of functional tasks. However, t ...
... extent that the human motor cortex is deeply involved in reflex regulation and it is common to speak of “transcortical reflex loops.” Such loops appear to add flexibility to the human stretch reflex, once considered to be immutable, allowing it to adapt across a range of functional tasks. However, t ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.