Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... Germany) fitted with 2.5⫻ plan /0.075 NA and 40⫻-W/0.80 objectives) with the pial surface pointing to the front and the hippocampus to the right. The barrel field was visualized at low magnification under bright-field illumination and can be identified in layer 4 as evenly spaced dark structures. Ba ...
... Germany) fitted with 2.5⫻ plan /0.075 NA and 40⫻-W/0.80 objectives) with the pial surface pointing to the front and the hippocampus to the right. The barrel field was visualized at low magnification under bright-field illumination and can be identified in layer 4 as evenly spaced dark structures. Ba ...
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)
... by monosynaptic responses in both directions. The short-range spatial confinement of coherent fast rhythms contrasted with the large-scale synchronization of low-frequency sleep rhythms. Transient fast rhythms, appearing over the depolarizing envelope of the slow sleep oscillation, became sustained ...
... by monosynaptic responses in both directions. The short-range spatial confinement of coherent fast rhythms contrasted with the large-scale synchronization of low-frequency sleep rhythms. Transient fast rhythms, appearing over the depolarizing envelope of the slow sleep oscillation, became sustained ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... pence or on the left to obtain a smaller reward with a magnitude of 10 pence with a probability of 0.9. On the right, in different trial sets, the probability of the large reward was 0.9 (making the EV defined as probability 3 RM = 27 pence); the probability was 0.33 making the EV 10 pence; or the p ...
... pence or on the left to obtain a smaller reward with a magnitude of 10 pence with a probability of 0.9. On the right, in different trial sets, the probability of the large reward was 0.9 (making the EV defined as probability 3 RM = 27 pence); the probability was 0.33 making the EV 10 pence; or the p ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was found not to cause any apparent ill effects to the imaged neurons or the slice culture, because most neurons remained viable and exhibited the same general dendritic morphology when imaged again 5 or 10 d later (see Fig ...
... were kept outside the incubator for ⬍1 hr per session. This imaging protocol was found not to cause any apparent ill effects to the imaged neurons or the slice culture, because most neurons remained viable and exhibited the same general dendritic morphology when imaged again 5 or 10 d later (see Fig ...
Novel visual stimuli activate a population of neurons
... used as a control. The olfactory discrimination task involved the randomised delivery of odorant saturated air via a computer-driven olfactometer (Critchley & Rolls, 1996b). A cue tone preceded the delivery, following which the monkey was required to sample each odour to identify odours as part of a ...
... used as a control. The olfactory discrimination task involved the randomised delivery of odorant saturated air via a computer-driven olfactometer (Critchley & Rolls, 1996b). A cue tone preceded the delivery, following which the monkey was required to sample each odour to identify odours as part of a ...
Neurons of the Central Complex of the Locust Schistocerca gregaria
... divisions of the central body, and the paired noduli (Homberg, 1987) (see Fig. 1 A). Its most striking feature is a highly stratified internal organization consisting of well defined layers in the central body and, perpendicularly, an arrangement into sets of sixteen columns. Columnar neurons provid ...
... divisions of the central body, and the paired noduli (Homberg, 1987) (see Fig. 1 A). Its most striking feature is a highly stratified internal organization consisting of well defined layers in the central body and, perpendicularly, an arrangement into sets of sixteen columns. Columnar neurons provid ...
Nervous System Module - Year 2 Semester 1 Number of Credit – 8
... 2. List the errors of refraction, describe how they occur and explain the basis of correcting each of them. 3.Explain the term accommodation as applied to the eye. 4. Explain the basis of the accommodation-convergence reflex and pupillary light reflex. 5. Explain the principles underlying visual acu ...
... 2. List the errors of refraction, describe how they occur and explain the basis of correcting each of them. 3.Explain the term accommodation as applied to the eye. 4. Explain the basis of the accommodation-convergence reflex and pupillary light reflex. 5. Explain the principles underlying visual acu ...
Supraspinal control of ejaculation
... Percentage of galanin cells that were Fos-ir after Home Cage, Anestrous Female, Mounts, M+I, 1 Ejac., 2 Ejacs ...
... Percentage of galanin cells that were Fos-ir after Home Cage, Anestrous Female, Mounts, M+I, 1 Ejac., 2 Ejacs ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... density (OD) on captured images by using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). Captured images of three distinct cortical areas, i.e., the primary motor cortex (M1), barrel field of primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF) and primary visual cortex (V1), which were defined in th ...
... density (OD) on captured images by using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). Captured images of three distinct cortical areas, i.e., the primary motor cortex (M1), barrel field of primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF) and primary visual cortex (V1), which were defined in th ...
Physiology of Ejaculation
... Anatomically, these interneurons are located in lumbar spinal cord (L3–4) and are clustered in laminae 10 and 7 located near the central canal of the spinal cord. They also have thalamic projections, hence their name. Functionally, LSt cells have also been found to be under both inhibitory and excit ...
... Anatomically, these interneurons are located in lumbar spinal cord (L3–4) and are clustered in laminae 10 and 7 located near the central canal of the spinal cord. They also have thalamic projections, hence their name. Functionally, LSt cells have also been found to be under both inhibitory and excit ...
Chapter 2
... of most studies of IC neuronal organization and its neuron types and the inputs are best known. Understanding the neuronal organization of the IC in terms of subdivisions has been a problem when it is uncertain how other parts differ from the central nucleus. Because IC subdivisions must be related ...
... of most studies of IC neuronal organization and its neuron types and the inputs are best known. Understanding the neuronal organization of the IC in terms of subdivisions has been a problem when it is uncertain how other parts differ from the central nucleus. Because IC subdivisions must be related ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... (,15 ms) indicates that they may, like CEm neurons22,23, receive direct input from sensory thalamus24. Cross-correlating spontaneously occurring spikes of simultaneously recorded CElon and CEloff neurons revealed substantial, yet asymmetrical, short-latency inhibitory interactions between the two cl ...
... (,15 ms) indicates that they may, like CEm neurons22,23, receive direct input from sensory thalamus24. Cross-correlating spontaneously occurring spikes of simultaneously recorded CElon and CEloff neurons revealed substantial, yet asymmetrical, short-latency inhibitory interactions between the two cl ...
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic
... example, electrodes implanted into the primary visual cortex (V1) of macaque monkeys each reliably elicited a visual percept (phosphene) shortly after implantation, but individual electrodes lost effectiveness within a few months (9). Although larger groupings of electrodes could be used to generate ...
... example, electrodes implanted into the primary visual cortex (V1) of macaque monkeys each reliably elicited a visual percept (phosphene) shortly after implantation, but individual electrodes lost effectiveness within a few months (9). Although larger groupings of electrodes could be used to generate ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... the object (if it was food or delivered saline), and finally (8) as the object was removed. On some trials, the object was removed before the monkey had a chance to taste it. The objects tested included numerous foods such as bananas, peanuts, raisins and other fruits, breakfast cereals, and sweets, ...
... the object (if it was food or delivered saline), and finally (8) as the object was removed. On some trials, the object was removed before the monkey had a chance to taste it. The objects tested included numerous foods such as bananas, peanuts, raisins and other fruits, breakfast cereals, and sweets, ...
Estrogen Actions Throughout the Brain
... the hypothalamus affecting ovulation and reproductive behavior, it is now apparent in animal models and clinical studies that estrogens exert many actions outside of reproductive function, including actions on brain areas that are important for learning and memory and for emotions and affective stat ...
... the hypothalamus affecting ovulation and reproductive behavior, it is now apparent in animal models and clinical studies that estrogens exert many actions outside of reproductive function, including actions on brain areas that are important for learning and memory and for emotions and affective stat ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across Superior Colliculus May
... M. Optican. Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may arise from asymmetry of internal connections. J Neurophysiol 96: 765–774, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.01372.2005. The superior colliculus (SC) receives a retinotopic projection of the contralateral visual field in which the repre ...
... M. Optican. Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may arise from asymmetry of internal connections. J Neurophysiol 96: 765–774, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.01372.2005. The superior colliculus (SC) receives a retinotopic projection of the contralateral visual field in which the repre ...
Saccade-Related Spread of Activity Across
... M. Optican. Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may arise from asymmetry of internal connections. J Neurophysiol 96: 765–774, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.01372.2005. The superior colliculus (SC) receives a retinotopic projection of the contralateral visual field in which the repre ...
... M. Optican. Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may arise from asymmetry of internal connections. J Neurophysiol 96: 765–774, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.01372.2005. The superior colliculus (SC) receives a retinotopic projection of the contralateral visual field in which the repre ...
“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... Our brain perceives the external world with multiple sensory modalities, including vision, audition, olfaction, tactile, vestibular perception and so on. These sensory systems extract information about the environment via different physical means, and they generate complementary cues (neural represe ...
... Our brain perceives the external world with multiple sensory modalities, including vision, audition, olfaction, tactile, vestibular perception and so on. These sensory systems extract information about the environment via different physical means, and they generate complementary cues (neural represe ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... The link between the brain and perception is illustrated most dramatically in cases of loss or disturbance of perceptual function consequent upon some form of damage to the brain. An examination of a patient might well begin by asking the person to describe their perceptual experience and probing fo ...
... The link between the brain and perception is illustrated most dramatically in cases of loss or disturbance of perceptual function consequent upon some form of damage to the brain. An examination of a patient might well begin by asking the person to describe their perceptual experience and probing fo ...
Alpha-beta and Gamma Rhythms Subserve Feedback and
... Non-human primate visual cortical areas are organized in a hierarchy with characteristic laminar patterns of feedforward and feedback projections (Barone et al., 2000; Felleman and Essen, 1991; Markov et al., 2014). Feedforward projections typically target layer 4. They originate predominantly from ...
... Non-human primate visual cortical areas are organized in a hierarchy with characteristic laminar patterns of feedforward and feedback projections (Barone et al., 2000; Felleman and Essen, 1991; Markov et al., 2014). Feedforward projections typically target layer 4. They originate predominantly from ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... neurons is remarkably specific (producing no injury to the adjacent neurons that produce MCH)48,49. The cause is believed to be autoimmune, although convincing evidence for this hypothesis is still lacking, and it might be a neurodegenerative condition51. Other patients with lesions of the posterior ...
... neurons is remarkably specific (producing no injury to the adjacent neurons that produce MCH)48,49. The cause is believed to be autoimmune, although convincing evidence for this hypothesis is still lacking, and it might be a neurodegenerative condition51. Other patients with lesions of the posterior ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... development by deleting floxed Brca1 using Emx1-Cre, which leads to conditional gene ablation specifically in the dorsal telencephalon after embryonic day (E) 9.5. The postnatal Brca1-ablated cerebral cortex was substantially reduced in size with regard to both cortical thickness and surface area. R ...
... development by deleting floxed Brca1 using Emx1-Cre, which leads to conditional gene ablation specifically in the dorsal telencephalon after embryonic day (E) 9.5. The postnatal Brca1-ablated cerebral cortex was substantially reduced in size with regard to both cortical thickness and surface area. R ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... drug-induced parkinsonian akinesia (0.03– 0.07 mg/kg haloperidol, s.c.) or control (vehicle injection) conditions, and the number of reaches was recorded for 5 min before, during, and after stimulation. We compared the effect of DBS using complex physiological patterns previously recorded in the Mth ...
... drug-induced parkinsonian akinesia (0.03– 0.07 mg/kg haloperidol, s.c.) or control (vehicle injection) conditions, and the number of reaches was recorded for 5 min before, during, and after stimulation. We compared the effect of DBS using complex physiological patterns previously recorded in the Mth ...
A model for experience-dependent changes in the responses of inferotemporal neurons
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
Are there three subdivisions in the primate subthalamic nucleus? Max C. Keuken
... STN for human and nonhuman primates or used cytoarchitectonic studies of the STN for human and nonhuman primates (Foix and Nicolesco, 1925; Kodama, 1928; Whittier and Mettler, 1949; Nauta and Mehler, 1966; Carpenter and Strominger, 1967; Fussenich, 1967; Carpenter et al., 1968, 1981a,b; Petras, 1968 ...
... STN for human and nonhuman primates or used cytoarchitectonic studies of the STN for human and nonhuman primates (Foix and Nicolesco, 1925; Kodama, 1928; Whittier and Mettler, 1949; Nauta and Mehler, 1966; Carpenter and Strominger, 1967; Fussenich, 1967; Carpenter et al., 1968, 1981a,b; Petras, 1968 ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.