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Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... The fundamental function of the central auditory system is to transform signals from the acoustic environment in order to extract new information. For the animals, including humans, this information has a vital importance for their life experience, orientation, and survival. The acoustic signals tra ...
... The fundamental function of the central auditory system is to transform signals from the acoustic environment in order to extract new information. For the animals, including humans, this information has a vital importance for their life experience, orientation, and survival. The acoustic signals tra ...
The time of course of BDNF levels in brain and plasma after cerebral
... where it is stored and released from neurons in a use-dependent fashion and has been implicated in long term potentiation, learning and memory formation (Greenberg et al., 2009; Nagappan and Lu, 2005). BDNF also represents a crucial signalling molecule in adaptative brain plasticity after stroke (Co ...
... where it is stored and released from neurons in a use-dependent fashion and has been implicated in long term potentiation, learning and memory formation (Greenberg et al., 2009; Nagappan and Lu, 2005). BDNF also represents a crucial signalling molecule in adaptative brain plasticity after stroke (Co ...
K. Lutz, M. Widmer
... The neuroscientific study of reward processing flourished with the detailed examination of neuronal activity in rodent brains during consumption and anticipation of rewards and punishment.4,5 For a comprehensive review, see Schultz.6 This work revealed that unexpected presentation of a reward, ac ...
... The neuroscientific study of reward processing flourished with the detailed examination of neuronal activity in rodent brains during consumption and anticipation of rewards and punishment.4,5 For a comprehensive review, see Schultz.6 This work revealed that unexpected presentation of a reward, ac ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... to the final tactile perception. The involvement of tactile information in shaping motor control through spinal circuitry is much more established than its role in tactile perception [briefly reviewed in Panek et al. (2014)]. In humans, motor reflexes can be evoked by electrical stimulation of cutan ...
... to the final tactile perception. The involvement of tactile information in shaping motor control through spinal circuitry is much more established than its role in tactile perception [briefly reviewed in Panek et al. (2014)]. In humans, motor reflexes can be evoked by electrical stimulation of cutan ...
Document
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
... If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action potential Incorrect: An action potential refers to a s ...
Wasp Voodoo Rituals, Venom-Cocktails, and the Zombification of Cockroach Hosts SYMPOSIUM Frederic Libersat
... self-initiate locomotion. Unlike most paralyzing venoms, Ampulex’s venom seems to affect the ‘‘motivation’’ of its host to initiate locomotion, rather than affecting the motor centers directly. In fact, the venom specifically increases thresholds for the initiation of walking-related behaviors and, ...
... self-initiate locomotion. Unlike most paralyzing venoms, Ampulex’s venom seems to affect the ‘‘motivation’’ of its host to initiate locomotion, rather than affecting the motor centers directly. In fact, the venom specifically increases thresholds for the initiation of walking-related behaviors and, ...
A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study to
... Neuroimaging has improved the understanding of neural processes underlying the factors that influence pain perception [46–48]. Pain-processing is modified by experience and psychological factors thought to amplify pain signals, such as pain- and movement- related fear, catastrophizing and anxiety. T ...
... Neuroimaging has improved the understanding of neural processes underlying the factors that influence pain perception [46–48]. Pain-processing is modified by experience and psychological factors thought to amplify pain signals, such as pain- and movement- related fear, catastrophizing and anxiety. T ...
Kobayashi S, Kawagoe R, Takikawa Y, Koizumi M, Sakagami M
... higher when cue presentation and reward association were in the same direction (condition with immediate reward) than when they were opposite (condition without immediate reward) (Fig. 2; P < 0.01, paired t-test). The results indicate that the monkeys basically followed the task requirements by maki ...
... higher when cue presentation and reward association were in the same direction (condition with immediate reward) than when they were opposite (condition without immediate reward) (Fig. 2; P < 0.01, paired t-test). The results indicate that the monkeys basically followed the task requirements by maki ...
Morphine effects on monetary reward - DUO
... and to minimise potential confounds related to the pharmacological manipulation. We predicted activity in in the ventral striatum during anticipation and delivery of reward in a modified monetary incentive delay (MID) task, and that this activation would be higher in the morphine condition compared ...
... and to minimise potential confounds related to the pharmacological manipulation. We predicted activity in in the ventral striatum during anticipation and delivery of reward in a modified monetary incentive delay (MID) task, and that this activation would be higher in the morphine condition compared ...
Rules Ventral Prefrontal Cortical Axons Use to Reach Their Targets
... foundation for dividing vPFC WM bundles into functional components and for predicting what is likely to be carried at different points through each bundle. These results also help determine the specific connections that are likely to be captured at different neurosurgical targets. ...
... foundation for dividing vPFC WM bundles into functional components and for predicting what is likely to be carried at different points through each bundle. These results also help determine the specific connections that are likely to be captured at different neurosurgical targets. ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... that are required to construct a realistic computational model of the thalamocortical circuit. Our ...
... that are required to construct a realistic computational model of the thalamocortical circuit. Our ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
... premotor areas were present anterior to Brodmann‘s area 4 and that Brodmann‘s area 6 portion of the cortex is not functionally segregated from area 4 but it constitutes a unique complex in which proximal and axial movements are represented. A separate representation of body movements would be found, ...
... did not generally correlate with GFAP cleavage but instead was associated with de novo expression of vimentin. Moreover, astroglial caspase-3 cleavage was not associated with cell proliferation. These first results provided evidence for a non-traditional role of caspases in astroglial function, sugg ...
facing page
... the impact of toluene abuse during adolescence, despite the fact that mainly adolescents represent the most numerous group of toluene abusers and the majority of adults who use this substance started as teenagers (Filley et al., 2004). Numerous data indicate that due to the specificity in physiology ...
... the impact of toluene abuse during adolescence, despite the fact that mainly adolescents represent the most numerous group of toluene abusers and the majority of adults who use this substance started as teenagers (Filley et al., 2004). Numerous data indicate that due to the specificity in physiology ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... basic processes that transform inputs to outputs and generate actions (Norman & Shallice 1986, Schall et al. 2002). Although monitoring signals are often found after decisions and their results (in laboratory tasks, the trial), in some cases monitoring can occur throughout the decision-making proces ...
... basic processes that transform inputs to outputs and generate actions (Norman & Shallice 1986, Schall et al. 2002). Although monitoring signals are often found after decisions and their results (in laboratory tasks, the trial), in some cases monitoring can occur throughout the decision-making proces ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... different, but overlapping, areas of the midbrain (Figure 3; Figure 3-figure supplement 1; Figure 3-figure supplement 2; Figure 3-figure supplement 3) (Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007; Haber, 2014; Lammel et al., 2008; Swanson, 1982). Interestingly, we observed an overlapping but dorsolaterally shifted ...
... different, but overlapping, areas of the midbrain (Figure 3; Figure 3-figure supplement 1; Figure 3-figure supplement 2; Figure 3-figure supplement 3) (Bjorklund and Dunnett, 2007; Haber, 2014; Lammel et al., 2008; Swanson, 1982). Interestingly, we observed an overlapping but dorsolaterally shifted ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... primates including humans. This approach is important, for it appears that some of the underlying principles of taste and olfactory processing are different in rodents, as described below. The focus of this paper is on processing in the brain, with research on peripheral processing described elsewhe ...
... primates including humans. This approach is important, for it appears that some of the underlying principles of taste and olfactory processing are different in rodents, as described below. The focus of this paper is on processing in the brain, with research on peripheral processing described elsewhe ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... regulated by orexins. Orexins also have a strong, direct, excitatory effect on cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain33), which is hypothesized to play an important role in arousal. Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) p ...
... regulated by orexins. Orexins also have a strong, direct, excitatory effect on cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain33), which is hypothesized to play an important role in arousal. Cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) p ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... Kaseda, and Hideo Sakata. Selectivity for the shape, size, and orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intrapar ...
... Kaseda, and Hideo Sakata. Selectivity for the shape, size, and orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intrapar ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... hemispheres using standard techniques (Phillips et al., 1988; Mountcastle et al., 1991). On each recording day, a multielectrode microdrive (Mountcastle et al., 1991) was loaded with seven quartz-coated platinum /tungsten (90/10) electrodes (diameter, 80 mm; tip diameter, 4 mm; and impedance, 1–5 MV ...
... hemispheres using standard techniques (Phillips et al., 1988; Mountcastle et al., 1991). On each recording day, a multielectrode microdrive (Mountcastle et al., 1991) was loaded with seven quartz-coated platinum /tungsten (90/10) electrodes (diameter, 80 mm; tip diameter, 4 mm; and impedance, 1–5 MV ...
Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a
... addition, 5-HT has been linked to motor system function[2], sleep-wake cycles[3], circadian rhythms[4], respiratory stability[5], embryonic development[6], and reward processing[7]. Not surprisingly, the 5-HT neurons in the nuclei originally classified by Dalhstrom and Fuxe[8] project to a large var ...
... addition, 5-HT has been linked to motor system function[2], sleep-wake cycles[3], circadian rhythms[4], respiratory stability[5], embryonic development[6], and reward processing[7]. Not surprisingly, the 5-HT neurons in the nuclei originally classified by Dalhstrom and Fuxe[8] project to a large var ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... relation to reward expectancy and compared findings with those of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in the monkey. Activity of OFC neurons was examined in a delayed reaction time task where every four trials constituted one block within which three kinds of rewards and no reward were delivered in ...
... relation to reward expectancy and compared findings with those of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in the monkey. Activity of OFC neurons was examined in a delayed reaction time task where every four trials constituted one block within which three kinds of rewards and no reward were delivered in ...
PathoLOGIC Hgh Deficiency and Somatopause
... • Increased the frequency of sexual thoughts (P=0.006), sexual interest (P=0.002), and satisfaction with both mental and physical aspects of sexuality (P=0.009 and P=0.02, ...
... • Increased the frequency of sexual thoughts (P=0.006), sexual interest (P=0.002), and satisfaction with both mental and physical aspects of sexuality (P=0.009 and P=0.02, ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... Although we focus presently on reward, all reinforcement processes, including aversive learning and reactions, are subjected to timing processes. The term ‘timing’ refers not only to the duration of an event but also to the moment at which the event is likely to occur (temporal prediction). Both dur ...
... Although we focus presently on reward, all reinforcement processes, including aversive learning and reactions, are subjected to timing processes. The term ‘timing’ refers not only to the duration of an event but also to the moment at which the event is likely to occur (temporal prediction). Both dur ...
Extracellular Glutamate, Glutamine, and GABA in the Hippocampus
... Drug-resistant epilepsy is a significant public health concern. It is associated with a mortality rate five times greater than the general population (4) and with psychiatric comorbidities, social disability, and a reduced quality of life (5). The type of epilepsy predicts drug-responsiveness. Great ...
... Drug-resistant epilepsy is a significant public health concern. It is associated with a mortality rate five times greater than the general population (4) and with psychiatric comorbidities, social disability, and a reduced quality of life (5). The type of epilepsy predicts drug-responsiveness. Great ...
Neuroplasticity
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Brain_2.jpg?width=300)
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.