The Anatomy of the Posterior Commissure
... longitudinal fascicle (ILF) and a parietooccipitotemporopontine fascicle. The anatomy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and its function are not totally understood. It connects the occipital lobe with the anterior temporal lobe and is reported to subserve the language semantics in parallel wit ...
... longitudinal fascicle (ILF) and a parietooccipitotemporopontine fascicle. The anatomy of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and its function are not totally understood. It connects the occipital lobe with the anterior temporal lobe and is reported to subserve the language semantics in parallel wit ...
MARCKS modulates radial progenitor placement
... Fig. 1. Disruption in radial glial scaffold in Marcks–/– cerebral cortex. (A-D) MARCKS is widely expressed in the E15.5 cerebral cortex (A, green). Prominent MARCKS expression is apparent in the apical and basal ends of the cerebral wall, where the radial progenitor cell soma (asterisk, A) and end-f ...
... Fig. 1. Disruption in radial glial scaffold in Marcks–/– cerebral cortex. (A-D) MARCKS is widely expressed in the E15.5 cerebral cortex (A, green). Prominent MARCKS expression is apparent in the apical and basal ends of the cerebral wall, where the radial progenitor cell soma (asterisk, A) and end-f ...
A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA suppresses behavioral, thermal and
... may be due to the loss of 5-HT nerve terminals following the repeated dose regimen of MDMA. The resulting defect in 5-HT neurotransmission may only be evident under conditions of stimulated 5-HT release, inasmuch as the basal extracellular concentration of 5-HT in the striatum, as well as in other b ...
... may be due to the loss of 5-HT nerve terminals following the repeated dose regimen of MDMA. The resulting defect in 5-HT neurotransmission may only be evident under conditions of stimulated 5-HT release, inasmuch as the basal extracellular concentration of 5-HT in the striatum, as well as in other b ...
Descending motor pathways and the spinal
... though unilateral contraction of the biventer cervicis, complexus and splenius muscles draws the head dorsally and laterally. Examples of hypaxial neck muscles are the prevertebral muscles (longus capitis, rectus capitis ventralis and rectus capitis lateralis), the sterno- and cleidomastoid muscles ...
... though unilateral contraction of the biventer cervicis, complexus and splenius muscles draws the head dorsally and laterally. Examples of hypaxial neck muscles are the prevertebral muscles (longus capitis, rectus capitis ventralis and rectus capitis lateralis), the sterno- and cleidomastoid muscles ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... The dendritic computational toolkit. A schematic figure highlighting four key dendritic mechanisms, mapped onto a layer 5 pyramidal neuron morphology, which can allow dendrites to act as computational elements. These mechanisms can coexist in the same neuron and be active in parallel or in a hierarc ...
... The dendritic computational toolkit. A schematic figure highlighting four key dendritic mechanisms, mapped onto a layer 5 pyramidal neuron morphology, which can allow dendrites to act as computational elements. These mechanisms can coexist in the same neuron and be active in parallel or in a hierarc ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... CVLM are mainly GABAergic, in contrast to the glutamatergic neurons in the RVLM.(14) However, in our study, propofol displayed similar actions on neuronal firings in these 2 areas. In other words, propofol not only inhibited neuronal firings in the pressor area, the RVLM, but also inhibited neuronal ...
... CVLM are mainly GABAergic, in contrast to the glutamatergic neurons in the RVLM.(14) However, in our study, propofol displayed similar actions on neuronal firings in these 2 areas. In other words, propofol not only inhibited neuronal firings in the pressor area, the RVLM, but also inhibited neuronal ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... The EEG pattern and the eye movements that occur during REM sleep are apparently similar to that observed during wakefulness. The autonomic tone increases resulting in fast and irregular respiration, increased heart rate and elevated brain temperature. The brain glucose metabolism increases signific ...
... The EEG pattern and the eye movements that occur during REM sleep are apparently similar to that observed during wakefulness. The autonomic tone increases resulting in fast and irregular respiration, increased heart rate and elevated brain temperature. The brain glucose metabolism increases signific ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... in the basal forebrain, first illustrated by Theodor Meynert in 1872 (Meynert, 1872), have long been a focus of attention, as these neurons degenerate in AD (Brockhaus, 1942; Kodama, 1927; Pilleri, 1966; Perry et al., 1984; Price et al., 1986). Cholinergic neurons extend rostrally and medially from ...
... in the basal forebrain, first illustrated by Theodor Meynert in 1872 (Meynert, 1872), have long been a focus of attention, as these neurons degenerate in AD (Brockhaus, 1942; Kodama, 1927; Pilleri, 1966; Perry et al., 1984; Price et al., 1986). Cholinergic neurons extend rostrally and medially from ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... in the basal forebrain, first illustrated by Theodor Meynert in 1872 (Meynert, 1872), have long been a focus of attention, as these neurons degenerate in AD (Brockhaus, 1942; Kodama, 1927; Pilleri, 1966; Perry et al., 1984; Price et al., 1986). Cholinergic neurons extend rostrally and medially from ...
... in the basal forebrain, first illustrated by Theodor Meynert in 1872 (Meynert, 1872), have long been a focus of attention, as these neurons degenerate in AD (Brockhaus, 1942; Kodama, 1927; Pilleri, 1966; Perry et al., 1984; Price et al., 1986). Cholinergic neurons extend rostrally and medially from ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... and O’Doherty, 2012), from which actions can be selected for specific motivated behaviors (for example, food-seeking or mateseeking behaviors). The amygdala allows pavlovian CSs to influence the selection of actions within the behavioral repertoire; so, for instance, in the presence of a receptive f ...
... and O’Doherty, 2012), from which actions can be selected for specific motivated behaviors (for example, food-seeking or mateseeking behaviors). The amygdala allows pavlovian CSs to influence the selection of actions within the behavioral repertoire; so, for instance, in the presence of a receptive f ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... 1976). Thus movement-related signals carried by neurons in both GPi and GPe could influence movement execution via their indirect action on neurons of motor-related areas of the cerebral cortex or the brain stem. The information contained in the discharge of individual pallidal neurons constrains an ...
... 1976). Thus movement-related signals carried by neurons in both GPi and GPe could influence movement execution via their indirect action on neurons of motor-related areas of the cerebral cortex or the brain stem. The information contained in the discharge of individual pallidal neurons constrains an ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... both active brain states that are generated and maintained from within the brain has its origins in the pioneering work of Berger (1930), Economo (1929), Bremer (1935), Moruzzi and Magoun (1949), and Jouvet (1962). Prior to the work of these investigators, the state of sleep was thought to represent ...
... both active brain states that are generated and maintained from within the brain has its origins in the pioneering work of Berger (1930), Economo (1929), Bremer (1935), Moruzzi and Magoun (1949), and Jouvet (1962). Prior to the work of these investigators, the state of sleep was thought to represent ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... areas such as the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), piriform cortex, and periamygdaloid cortex are readily recognizable around the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes of human brains. What is more, humans are able to discriminate between odors differing by only one carbon atom (Laska and Teub ...
... areas such as the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), piriform cortex, and periamygdaloid cortex are readily recognizable around the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes of human brains. What is more, humans are able to discriminate between odors differing by only one carbon atom (Laska and Teub ...
Signal processing methods in Sleep Research
... After all from an evolutionary point of view sleep seems like a bad idea, yet • Sleep is universal across species. • Sleep affects the vast majority of body functions including: immune function, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and thermoregulation. • Sleep’s core function appears to be for the brai ...
... After all from an evolutionary point of view sleep seems like a bad idea, yet • Sleep is universal across species. • Sleep affects the vast majority of body functions including: immune function, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and thermoregulation. • Sleep’s core function appears to be for the brai ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... Hypoxia or ischemia suppresses inhibitory synaptic transmission within the brain stem (33, 36). There is also evidence that hypoxia induces gasping through both a direct modulation of channel conductances and alteration of ionic homeostasis in the extracellular environment. Specifically, hypoxia sup ...
... Hypoxia or ischemia suppresses inhibitory synaptic transmission within the brain stem (33, 36). There is also evidence that hypoxia induces gasping through both a direct modulation of channel conductances and alteration of ionic homeostasis in the extracellular environment. Specifically, hypoxia sup ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
... Carter, 2013). However, the overall influence of BLA inputs could be inhibitory if connections are stronger onto local GABAergic interneurons. The PFC also possesses a variety of GABAergic interneurons, which have distinct morphological and physiological properties, including parvalbumin (PV) and so ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... response within these brain areas increased [17]. These studies suggest that anxiety level influences the magnitude of anticipatory and threat-related brain activation, which in turn influences the peripheral expression of emotion. Associative learning and expectancy processes are additional factors ...
... response within these brain areas increased [17]. These studies suggest that anxiety level influences the magnitude of anticipatory and threat-related brain activation, which in turn influences the peripheral expression of emotion. Associative learning and expectancy processes are additional factors ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... The basal ganglia (BG) play an important role in motor control, reinforcement learning, and perceptual decision making. Modeling and experimental evidence suggest that, in a speed–accuracy tradeoff, the corticostriatal pathway can adaptively adjust a decision threshold (the amount of information nee ...
... The basal ganglia (BG) play an important role in motor control, reinforcement learning, and perceptual decision making. Modeling and experimental evidence suggest that, in a speed–accuracy tradeoff, the corticostriatal pathway can adaptively adjust a decision threshold (the amount of information nee ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Where information has been derived from other sources, this has been indicated. ...
... Where information has been derived from other sources, this has been indicated. ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
... inhomogeneous; and different receptors can also have different temporal characteristics. Finally, the effects of the neuromodulators can be exerted very speedily, via quick-acting receptors, but can also be very prolonged, particularly through influences over long-term synaptic plasticity. This dive ...
... inhomogeneous; and different receptors can also have different temporal characteristics. Finally, the effects of the neuromodulators can be exerted very speedily, via quick-acting receptors, but can also be very prolonged, particularly through influences over long-term synaptic plasticity. This dive ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... and SOM interneurons5,7,10–13 . These studies generally found that VIP neurons are activated, and ...
... and SOM interneurons5,7,10–13 . These studies generally found that VIP neurons are activated, and ...
2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education Site Map Any use is subject to
... What ion is necessary to cause the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles? ...
... What ion is necessary to cause the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles? ...
Physiology of cerebral venous blood flow: from experimental data in
... before terminating at the confluence of sinuses [49]. Except from the anatomical variations of the basal veins, the system of the inner cerebral veins remains relatively constant compared to the superficial cortical venous system [51,88]. Medullar veins can be subdivided into two different subgroups ...
... before terminating at the confluence of sinuses [49]. Except from the anatomical variations of the basal veins, the system of the inner cerebral veins remains relatively constant compared to the superficial cortical venous system [51,88]. Medullar veins can be subdivided into two different subgroups ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.