Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... then have three isoforms emerged in mammals? Difference in cellular and regional distribution of these transporters may, in part answer that question. VGLUTS IN CNS VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 These two isoforms are expressed mainly in glutamatergic neurons and their expression in CNS seems to be largely comp ...
... then have three isoforms emerged in mammals? Difference in cellular and regional distribution of these transporters may, in part answer that question. VGLUTS IN CNS VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 These two isoforms are expressed mainly in glutamatergic neurons and their expression in CNS seems to be largely comp ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... branch point that gives rise to the parallel fibers. On the other, many axons in the central nervous system typically form an elaborate and most impressive tree. For instance, the terminal arbor of thalamocortical axons in layer 4 of the cat visual cortex contains 150 –275 branch points (13). The co ...
... branch point that gives rise to the parallel fibers. On the other, many axons in the central nervous system typically form an elaborate and most impressive tree. For instance, the terminal arbor of thalamocortical axons in layer 4 of the cat visual cortex contains 150 –275 branch points (13). The co ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical formation are thought to underlie the cognitive deficits associated with these syndromes (Hildebrandt et al., 2011). The primary cilium may play a role in the progression of cortical neuronal ...
... (commonly referred to as ciliopathies), where disrupted cilia function and the resultant changes in cortical formation are thought to underlie the cognitive deficits associated with these syndromes (Hildebrandt et al., 2011). The primary cilium may play a role in the progression of cortical neuronal ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... cue) constituted a category boundary that divided space into two regions, each containing a set of points grouped into a category by virtue of bearing the same spatial relationship to the boundary. (For example when the boundary cue was vertical, all points to the left of the boundary constituted on ...
... cue) constituted a category boundary that divided space into two regions, each containing a set of points grouped into a category by virtue of bearing the same spatial relationship to the boundary. (For example when the boundary cue was vertical, all points to the left of the boundary constituted on ...
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... 1. Motor areas in the frontal cortex The PFC is interconnected with multiple motor areas in the frontal cortex (24, 99, 135, 157, 261), which is believed to play important roles in the cognitive control of motor behavior. Connections with the lateral premotor cortex (area 6) differ between the dorsa ...
... 1. Motor areas in the frontal cortex The PFC is interconnected with multiple motor areas in the frontal cortex (24, 99, 135, 157, 261), which is believed to play important roles in the cognitive control of motor behavior. Connections with the lateral premotor cortex (area 6) differ between the dorsa ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... al., 1999) which contains ‘broadly tuned’ cells that respond maximally to complex species-specific vocalizations (Rauschecker et al., 1995; Kosaki et al., 1997). Price and co-workers (Öngür and Price, 2000) have subdivided the OMPFC into two networks with differing connections and functions: medial ...
... al., 1999) which contains ‘broadly tuned’ cells that respond maximally to complex species-specific vocalizations (Rauschecker et al., 1995; Kosaki et al., 1997). Price and co-workers (Öngür and Price, 2000) have subdivided the OMPFC into two networks with differing connections and functions: medial ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... nRt sends inhibitory fibers (GABAergic) to VPM and POm. The other pathway originates in layer V, from neurons whose axons run toward the brainstem and give rise to collaterals that enter the thalamus and terminate exclusively in secondary thalamic nuclei, such as POm (Bourassa et al., 1995), and thu ...
... nRt sends inhibitory fibers (GABAergic) to VPM and POm. The other pathway originates in layer V, from neurons whose axons run toward the brainstem and give rise to collaterals that enter the thalamus and terminate exclusively in secondary thalamic nuclei, such as POm (Bourassa et al., 1995), and thu ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
... stimulation of the medial lemniscus led to responses (either spikes or EPSPs only) at latencies varying from 2.3 to 6 msec (mean, 4.0 msec). Latencies of response of neurons recorded (see Yen et al., 1985) in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus to stimulation of the medial lemniscus ranged from 1 ...
... stimulation of the medial lemniscus led to responses (either spikes or EPSPs only) at latencies varying from 2.3 to 6 msec (mean, 4.0 msec). Latencies of response of neurons recorded (see Yen et al., 1985) in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus to stimulation of the medial lemniscus ranged from 1 ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... Neurons in the rat central nervous system (CNS) were examined for their content of both the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetyl-CoA, choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.16), and the transmitter-degrading enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT was localized i ...
... Neurons in the rat central nervous system (CNS) were examined for their content of both the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; acetyl-CoA, choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.16), and the transmitter-degrading enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ChAT was localized i ...
Subicular and CA1 hippocampal projections to the accessory
... et al., 1978), although authors were unsure of this projection due to the large sizes of their injections. The reason could be methodological and/or due to species differences. Sensitive retrograde tracers such as FG gave rise to retrogradely labeled cells in ventral CA1 and ventral subiculum, but i ...
... et al., 1978), although authors were unsure of this projection due to the large sizes of their injections. The reason could be methodological and/or due to species differences. Sensitive retrograde tracers such as FG gave rise to retrogradely labeled cells in ventral CA1 and ventral subiculum, but i ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... de Puebla, Mexico, we experimentally corroborate the numerical results demonstrating that stochastic resonance phenomenon is also presented in the motor system. In chapter 3 we model the propagation of signals through the spinal cord during a motor activity. Based on previous studies, we propose a n ...
... de Puebla, Mexico, we experimentally corroborate the numerical results demonstrating that stochastic resonance phenomenon is also presented in the motor system. In chapter 3 we model the propagation of signals through the spinal cord during a motor activity. Based on previous studies, we propose a n ...
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Trk Receptor Activation in Epilepsy
... tyrosine kinases (RTKs) homologous to other RTKs such as the EGF receptor and insulin receptor family [4, 94]. Signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases is known to involve ligandinduced receptor dimerization and dimerization-induced trans-autophosphorylation [39, 82]. Receptor autophosphorylation on m ...
... tyrosine kinases (RTKs) homologous to other RTKs such as the EGF receptor and insulin receptor family [4, 94]. Signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases is known to involve ligandinduced receptor dimerization and dimerization-induced trans-autophosphorylation [39, 82]. Receptor autophosphorylation on m ...
Axonal Localization of Integrins in the CNS Is Neuronal Type and
... current study, we have asked whether integrins are transported into sensory axons including DRG and retinal ganglia neurons (RGCs), and into several types of adult neurons including adult cortical neurons, rubrospinal neurons, and we also evaluated early postnatal cortical neurons during their growt ...
... current study, we have asked whether integrins are transported into sensory axons including DRG and retinal ganglia neurons (RGCs), and into several types of adult neurons including adult cortical neurons, rubrospinal neurons, and we also evaluated early postnatal cortical neurons during their growt ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... 1985). Releaseof endogenousZn to the extracellular spaceappearsto occur spontaneously(Charton et al., 1985; Perez-Clausell and Danscher, 1986), and has been shown to be increased in a calcium-dependent fashion by either high-potassium or electrical stimulation (Assaf and Chung, 1984; Howell et al., ...
... 1985). Releaseof endogenousZn to the extracellular spaceappearsto occur spontaneously(Charton et al., 1985; Perez-Clausell and Danscher, 1986), and has been shown to be increased in a calcium-dependent fashion by either high-potassium or electrical stimulation (Assaf and Chung, 1984; Howell et al., ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... consequence, we will neither discuss all of the neuronal systems that undergo remodeling nor all of the important work done in the field. The term ‘‘developmental neuronal remodeling’’ is often used to describe a relatively wide range of biological processes including synapse elimination or strength ...
... consequence, we will neither discuss all of the neuronal systems that undergo remodeling nor all of the important work done in the field. The term ‘‘developmental neuronal remodeling’’ is often used to describe a relatively wide range of biological processes including synapse elimination or strength ...
THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... (which contains Val66) and ‘box 3’, both of which are in the pro-domain of BDNF. Deletion of box 2 and/or box 3 reduced regulated BDNF secretion, and the Val–Met mutation reduced co-localization of BDNF with sortillin or secretory granules. When a truncated DOMINANT NEGATIVE form of sortilin (tSort ...
... (which contains Val66) and ‘box 3’, both of which are in the pro-domain of BDNF. Deletion of box 2 and/or box 3 reduced regulated BDNF secretion, and the Val–Met mutation reduced co-localization of BDNF with sortillin or secretory granules. When a truncated DOMINANT NEGATIVE form of sortilin (tSort ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
... amygdala originated in layer 5, but significant numbers were also found in layers 2 and 3 in posterior medial and orbitofrontal cortices. Amygdalar axonal terminations in prefrontal cortex were most frequently distributed in bilaminar bands in the superficial and deep layers, by columns spanning the ...
... amygdala originated in layer 5, but significant numbers were also found in layers 2 and 3 in posterior medial and orbitofrontal cortices. Amygdalar axonal terminations in prefrontal cortex were most frequently distributed in bilaminar bands in the superficial and deep layers, by columns spanning the ...
Caudal Topographic Nucleus Isthmi and the Rostra1
... areas of the tectum. Fourth, the dense thickets are not terminals of thalamic neurons or neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the posterior commissure (dNPC) since parent axons of these terminals enter the tectum via the tectothalamic tract ( n h ) . Finally, the parent trunks of these terminals match t ...
... areas of the tectum. Fourth, the dense thickets are not terminals of thalamic neurons or neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the posterior commissure (dNPC) since parent axons of these terminals enter the tectum via the tectothalamic tract ( n h ) . Finally, the parent trunks of these terminals match t ...
Anticipated synchronization in neuronal circuits
... provided either by an interneuron or by a subpopulation of inhibitory neurons. A smooth transition from delayed synchronization (DS) to AS typically occurs when the inhibitory synaptic conductance is increased. The phenomenon is shown to be robust for a wide range of model parameters within a physio ...
... provided either by an interneuron or by a subpopulation of inhibitory neurons. A smooth transition from delayed synchronization (DS) to AS typically occurs when the inhibitory synaptic conductance is increased. The phenomenon is shown to be robust for a wide range of model parameters within a physio ...
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)
... by monosynaptic responses in both directions. The short-range spatial confinement of coherent fast rhythms contrasted with the large-scale synchronization of low-frequency sleep rhythms. Transient fast rhythms, appearing over the depolarizing envelope of the slow sleep oscillation, became sustained ...
... by monosynaptic responses in both directions. The short-range spatial confinement of coherent fast rhythms contrasted with the large-scale synchronization of low-frequency sleep rhythms. Transient fast rhythms, appearing over the depolarizing envelope of the slow sleep oscillation, became sustained ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... which vary among areas and give each area its unique architectonic signature. Architectonic differences can be seen in Nissl-stained sections, which show all neurons, or in tissue stained for markers that label distinct groups of pyramidal neurons or inhibitory interneurons (e.g., Ref. 3). The finge ...
... which vary among areas and give each area its unique architectonic signature. Architectonic differences can be seen in Nissl-stained sections, which show all neurons, or in tissue stained for markers that label distinct groups of pyramidal neurons or inhibitory interneurons (e.g., Ref. 3). The finge ...
Functionally Independent Columns of Rat Somatosensory Barrel
... optical recordings of changes in light transmission were made with the Deltaron HR1700 (Fuji, Tokyo, Japan), which consists of an array of 128 ⫻ 128 detectors; thus, each pixel receives light from a 6 ⫻ 6 m region of the slice. In experiments of the type shown in Figures 8 and 9, a larger field of ...
... optical recordings of changes in light transmission were made with the Deltaron HR1700 (Fuji, Tokyo, Japan), which consists of an array of 128 ⫻ 128 detectors; thus, each pixel receives light from a 6 ⫻ 6 m region of the slice. In experiments of the type shown in Figures 8 and 9, a larger field of ...
Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... due to the lower extracellular calcium concentration in vivo on the time scale of synaptic decay has not been considered heretofore. In the present paper, we study the persistence of synaptic changes, first in a synapse connecting a pair of independent Poisson neurons, and second in a large network ...
... due to the lower extracellular calcium concentration in vivo on the time scale of synaptic decay has not been considered heretofore. In the present paper, we study the persistence of synaptic changes, first in a synapse connecting a pair of independent Poisson neurons, and second in a large network ...