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... goldfish (Carassius auratus). The zebrafish M-cell has an axon cap, a high resistivity structure which surrounds the initial segment of the M-axon, and accounts for an unusual amplification of the fields generated within and around it. Second, extra- and intracellular recordings were performed with ...
... goldfish (Carassius auratus). The zebrafish M-cell has an axon cap, a high resistivity structure which surrounds the initial segment of the M-axon, and accounts for an unusual amplification of the fields generated within and around it. Second, extra- and intracellular recordings were performed with ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... We next examined how each of the three sequentially born subtypes of CFu neurons is specifically affected by loss of SOX5. Nissl staining shows absence of a morphological SP in Sox5!/! cortex (Figures S1A and S1B). Using the SP-specific marker Ctgf (Heuer et al., 2003), we observed a lack of Ctgf-ex ...
... We next examined how each of the three sequentially born subtypes of CFu neurons is specifically affected by loss of SOX5. Nissl staining shows absence of a morphological SP in Sox5!/! cortex (Figures S1A and S1B). Using the SP-specific marker Ctgf (Heuer et al., 2003), we observed a lack of Ctgf-ex ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... traditionally been viewed as a part of the indirect pathway that relays signals in the striatum to the output nodes of the basal ganglia via the subthalamic nucleus (Alexander and Crutcher 1990). Recent anatomical data show that neurons in the GPe also have direct access to all other nuclei in the b ...
... traditionally been viewed as a part of the indirect pathway that relays signals in the striatum to the output nodes of the basal ganglia via the subthalamic nucleus (Alexander and Crutcher 1990). Recent anatomical data show that neurons in the GPe also have direct access to all other nuclei in the b ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... was mounted, dried, and counterstained with neutral red. In animals injected with fluorescent dyes or [3H] amino acids, the survival period was 10 days. The animals then were anesthetized deeply and perfused with 4% or 6% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). The brains in the fluore ...
... was mounted, dried, and counterstained with neutral red. In animals injected with fluorescent dyes or [3H] amino acids, the survival period was 10 days. The animals then were anesthetized deeply and perfused with 4% or 6% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). The brains in the fluore ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... (DBH)-containing axons and terminal fields in the neocortex of cynomolgus and squirrel monkeys. TH, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of all catecholamines, is contained in dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and adrenergic neurons, whereas DBH, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, ...
... (DBH)-containing axons and terminal fields in the neocortex of cynomolgus and squirrel monkeys. TH, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of all catecholamines, is contained in dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and adrenergic neurons, whereas DBH, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... neurons at hyperpolarized states. J Neurophysiol 86: 1816 –1825, 2001. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) directly innervates the output structures of the basal ganglia, playing a key role in basal ganglia function. It is therefore important to understand the regulatory mechanisms for the activity of STN ...
... neurons at hyperpolarized states. J Neurophysiol 86: 1816 –1825, 2001. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) directly innervates the output structures of the basal ganglia, playing a key role in basal ganglia function. It is therefore important to understand the regulatory mechanisms for the activity of STN ...
Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system
... smell, and the vomeronasal system (VNS; also called the accessory olfactory system), which is essential for pheromone-based communication [16, 17]. These systems are tuned to discriminate between a variety of distinct odors and can do so at very low concentrations [18, 19]. Such efficient informatio ...
... smell, and the vomeronasal system (VNS; also called the accessory olfactory system), which is essential for pheromone-based communication [16, 17]. These systems are tuned to discriminate between a variety of distinct odors and can do so at very low concentrations [18, 19]. Such efficient informatio ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... axonal terminals were obser ved in many prefrontal cortices, which included a large enough sample in each of the five levels to conduct statistical analyses. The charting and initial evaluation of the density of labeled neurons and terminals established which areas were consistently interconnected. ...
... axonal terminals were obser ved in many prefrontal cortices, which included a large enough sample in each of the five levels to conduct statistical analyses. The charting and initial evaluation of the density of labeled neurons and terminals established which areas were consistently interconnected. ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... Neuron recording. While the monkeys were performing the behavioral task, we recorded neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data a ...
... Neuron recording. While the monkeys were performing the behavioral task, we recorded neuronal activity from the bilateral medial frontal cortex, including the pmPFC and the Figure 3. Time-dependent plots of neuronal selectivity for the tactics and action under the three behavioral conditions (data a ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... The physiological role of the pontine-mediated mechanisms involved in IE phase transition has not received much attention, and reports of synaptic interactions required for mediating IE phase transitions are rare. Although several computational models were developed to explain possible pontine mecha ...
... The physiological role of the pontine-mediated mechanisms involved in IE phase transition has not received much attention, and reports of synaptic interactions required for mediating IE phase transitions are rare. Although several computational models were developed to explain possible pontine mecha ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... One innovation in this model is its realism: the spatial strength of connections between neurons is taken to be the spatial density of synaptic connections revealed by anatomical investigations of cortex (e.g., Lund, 1988; Callaway, 1998). This model causes significant sharpening of orientation selec ...
... One innovation in this model is its realism: the spatial strength of connections between neurons is taken to be the spatial density of synaptic connections revealed by anatomical investigations of cortex (e.g., Lund, 1988; Callaway, 1998). This model causes significant sharpening of orientation selec ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... anorexigenic LepRb/POMC neurons, POMC expression and α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesol ...
... anorexigenic LepRb/POMC neurons, POMC expression and α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesol ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... to calibrate the system according to the equation of Grynkiewicz et al. (1985). Additional details have been described previously (van den Pol et al., 1996, 1997). W hole-cell recording in cultured neurons. Neurons were recorded with patch pipettes (4 – 6 MV size tip). An EPC7 amplifier was used wit ...
... to calibrate the system according to the equation of Grynkiewicz et al. (1985). Additional details have been described previously (van den Pol et al., 1996, 1997). W hole-cell recording in cultured neurons. Neurons were recorded with patch pipettes (4 – 6 MV size tip). An EPC7 amplifier was used wit ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... model neurons in the top and bottom panels show similar firing properties although their maximal conductances are very different (shown in the insets). (b) Conversely, two model neurons whose maximum conductance values are similar give rise to different activity patterns. Modified from Goldman et al ...
... model neurons in the top and bottom panels show similar firing properties although their maximal conductances are very different (shown in the insets). (b) Conversely, two model neurons whose maximum conductance values are similar give rise to different activity patterns. Modified from Goldman et al ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... reflects the high degree of specificity of cortical connectivity. This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many oth ...
... reflects the high degree of specificity of cortical connectivity. This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many oth ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
Organization of the Honey Bee Mushroom Body
... gamma lobe, like its equivalent in the cockroach Periplaneta americana, is supplied by a special class of intrinsic neuron—the clawed Kenyon cells—that are the first to differentiate during early development. To date, however, no account identifies a corresponding lobe in the honey bee, another taxo ...
... gamma lobe, like its equivalent in the cockroach Periplaneta americana, is supplied by a special class of intrinsic neuron—the clawed Kenyon cells—that are the first to differentiate during early development. To date, however, no account identifies a corresponding lobe in the honey bee, another taxo ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... nucleus of the DBB. The horizontal dashed line, which passes through the border of the middle with the lower third of the nucleus accumbens, demarcates the MSN from the nucleus of the DBB. b. In this mane. the MSN is readilv seoarated from the nucleus of the DBB (horizontal dashed Zine). c, In this ...
... nucleus of the DBB. The horizontal dashed line, which passes through the border of the middle with the lower third of the nucleus accumbens, demarcates the MSN from the nucleus of the DBB. b. In this mane. the MSN is readilv seoarated from the nucleus of the DBB (horizontal dashed Zine). c, In this ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... Bechara et al. 1995). The lateral amygdaloid (LAT) nucleus, a major recipient of cortical and thalamic sensory pathways to the amygdala (Amaral et al. 1992; LeDoux et al. 1985; Romanski and LeDoux 1992; Russchen 1982b; Turner et al. 1980) and source of afferents to other amygdaloid nuclei (Krettek a ...
... Bechara et al. 1995). The lateral amygdaloid (LAT) nucleus, a major recipient of cortical and thalamic sensory pathways to the amygdala (Amaral et al. 1992; LeDoux et al. 1985; Romanski and LeDoux 1992; Russchen 1982b; Turner et al. 1980) and source of afferents to other amygdaloid nuclei (Krettek a ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... using immunocytochemical methods and high affinity uptake of exogenous [3H]GABA it has been possible to provide the morphological characteristics of stained neurons and information about their connections. It appears that GABAergic interneurons and terminals are present in all layers of the striate ...
... using immunocytochemical methods and high affinity uptake of exogenous [3H]GABA it has been possible to provide the morphological characteristics of stained neurons and information about their connections. It appears that GABAergic interneurons and terminals are present in all layers of the striate ...
Open-loop organization of thalamic reticular nucleus and dorsal
... subthreshold but also to respond to such stimuli with a burst of two to five action potentials. Previous experimental and computational work has established that bursts are a reliable way to send a high-efficacy signal to a postsynaptic target and are likely a more suitable mode for signal detection ...
... subthreshold but also to respond to such stimuli with a burst of two to five action potentials. Previous experimental and computational work has established that bursts are a reliable way to send a high-efficacy signal to a postsynaptic target and are likely a more suitable mode for signal detection ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
... Transgenic mice with a constitutively active form of CREB have recently been shown to have CA1 pyramidal neurons with significantly reduced AHPs (28). Interestingly, EBC is also significantly impaired by disruption of the cAMP/PKA pathway in the cerebellum (29), a structure known to be critically in ...
Biophysical Properties and Responses to Neurotransmitters of
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.246 on April 28, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.246 on April 28, 2017 ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... synaptic cleft. An average neuron forms approximately 1,000 synapses with other neurons. It has been estimated that there are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in our galaxy. Furthermore, synaptic connections are not static. Neurons form new synapses or strengthen synaptic connec ...
... synaptic cleft. An average neuron forms approximately 1,000 synapses with other neurons. It has been estimated that there are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in our galaxy. Furthermore, synaptic connections are not static. Neurons form new synapses or strengthen synaptic connec ...