Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... synaptic cleft. An average neuron forms approximately 1,000 synapses with other neurons. It has been estimated that there are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in our galaxy. Furthermore, synaptic connections are not static. Neurons form new synapses or strengthen synaptic connec ...
... synaptic cleft. An average neuron forms approximately 1,000 synapses with other neurons. It has been estimated that there are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in our galaxy. Furthermore, synaptic connections are not static. Neurons form new synapses or strengthen synaptic connec ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... deutocerebrum was examined by intracellular staining of the cells with L ucifer yellow CH (Sigma). Neurons were penetrated primarily in the cell body and stained by iontophoretic injection of L ucifer yellow using hyperpolarizing current pulses of up to 6 nA (500 msec in duration; 1 Hz in frequency) ...
... deutocerebrum was examined by intracellular staining of the cells with L ucifer yellow CH (Sigma). Neurons were penetrated primarily in the cell body and stained by iontophoretic injection of L ucifer yellow using hyperpolarizing current pulses of up to 6 nA (500 msec in duration; 1 Hz in frequency) ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... before the trial ended. The monkey received liquid reward for maintainAfter we established the connectivity of the neuron, we recorded its ing fixation within a ⫾2° electronic window throughout the trial. To functional activity while the monkey performed a series of behavioral assess basic visual re ...
... before the trial ended. The monkey received liquid reward for maintainAfter we established the connectivity of the neuron, we recorded its ing fixation within a ⫾2° electronic window throughout the trial. To functional activity while the monkey performed a series of behavioral assess basic visual re ...
Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling
... Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and th ...
... Cardiorespiratory activity is controlled by a network of neurons located within the lower brainstem. The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and th ...
Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia
... green. Finally, NECAB1+ cells with long processes extending from the lateral spinal dorsal horn (laminae III and IV) joining the midline commissural bundle running between the dorsal column and central canal were observed (Fig. 2 A, D, and E). NECAB2+ neurons were intensely stained and widely distri ...
... green. Finally, NECAB1+ cells with long processes extending from the lateral spinal dorsal horn (laminae III and IV) joining the midline commissural bundle running between the dorsal column and central canal were observed (Fig. 2 A, D, and E). NECAB2+ neurons were intensely stained and widely distri ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 ...
... 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 ...
Immunohistochemical description of the endogenous cannabinoid
... We have evaluated the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors, FAAH, MAGL, DAGL␣, DAGL, and NAPE-PLD in the adult rat cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. Manipulation of animals was in accordance with the European Communities Council Directives (86/609/EEC) on the treatment of experimental animals. Adult ...
... We have evaluated the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors, FAAH, MAGL, DAGL␣, DAGL, and NAPE-PLD in the adult rat cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. Manipulation of animals was in accordance with the European Communities Council Directives (86/609/EEC) on the treatment of experimental animals. Adult ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... reticular formation (19). They thus have the capacity to receive input from reticular neurons and also the noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons, which utilize the same pathway (see below). The cholinergic neurons give rise to ascending projections that parallel those of the reticular formation, ext ...
... reticular formation (19). They thus have the capacity to receive input from reticular neurons and also the noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons, which utilize the same pathway (see below). The cholinergic neurons give rise to ascending projections that parallel those of the reticular formation, ext ...
Functional Independence of Layer IV Barrels in
... fields encompassing multiple neighboring vibrissae (Armstrong-James et al. 1991; Fox 1994), whereas others have proposed that interactions among neighboring whiskers reflect local, intrabarrel processing of multiwhisker thalamic inputs (Simons and Carvell 1989). In both visual and somatosensory cort ...
... fields encompassing multiple neighboring vibrissae (Armstrong-James et al. 1991; Fox 1994), whereas others have proposed that interactions among neighboring whiskers reflect local, intrabarrel processing of multiwhisker thalamic inputs (Simons and Carvell 1989). In both visual and somatosensory cort ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... We examined how glutamatergic inputs from the BLA engage different populations of projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons in L2 of the infralimbic PFC. We first characterized the laminar distribution, dendritic morphology, and intrinsic physiology of CA and CS neurons. We injected fluorescent ...
... We examined how glutamatergic inputs from the BLA engage different populations of projection neurons and GABAergic interneurons in L2 of the infralimbic PFC. We first characterized the laminar distribution, dendritic morphology, and intrinsic physiology of CA and CS neurons. We injected fluorescent ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... Hippocampal– cortical interaction during sleep promotes transformation of memory for long-term storage in the cortex. In particular, hippocampal sharp-wave ripple-associated neural activation is important for this transformation during slow-wave sleep. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been sh ...
... Hippocampal– cortical interaction during sleep promotes transformation of memory for long-term storage in the cortex. In particular, hippocampal sharp-wave ripple-associated neural activation is important for this transformation during slow-wave sleep. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been sh ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... For instance, pioneer sensory axons growing from grasshopper explants lose their pathfinding capability upon cytochalasin treatment but still maintain their ability to grow (Bentley & Toroian-Raymond, 1986). Under these conditions sensory neuron growth cones are also devoid of filopodia, suggesting ...
... For instance, pioneer sensory axons growing from grasshopper explants lose their pathfinding capability upon cytochalasin treatment but still maintain their ability to grow (Bentley & Toroian-Raymond, 1986). Under these conditions sensory neuron growth cones are also devoid of filopodia, suggesting ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... densities and other mechanisms), and homeostatic scaling of inhibitory synapses (Desai et al., 1999; Kilman et al., 2001). Further, synapses onto GABAergic neurons (not identified by cell type in these early culture experiments) are regulated differently from synapses onto pyramidal neurons (Turrigi ...
... densities and other mechanisms), and homeostatic scaling of inhibitory synapses (Desai et al., 1999; Kilman et al., 2001). Further, synapses onto GABAergic neurons (not identified by cell type in these early culture experiments) are regulated differently from synapses onto pyramidal neurons (Turrigi ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... cortical areas is combined to generate perception and action is not known. The investigation of visually guided eye movements may be a domain in which this issue can be examined effectively because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye m ...
... cortical areas is combined to generate perception and action is not known. The investigation of visually guided eye movements may be a domain in which this issue can be examined effectively because information about both object identity and spatial location must be combined to produce accurate eye m ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... toward the midline of the brain. As revealed by Golgi staining, MB neurons are unipolar, their dendrites branch into the calyx right below the cell body, and individual axons project through the peduncle and extend into the lobes. In the housefly, two types of axonal projections can be distinguished ...
... toward the midline of the brain. As revealed by Golgi staining, MB neurons are unipolar, their dendrites branch into the calyx right below the cell body, and individual axons project through the peduncle and extend into the lobes. In the housefly, two types of axonal projections can be distinguished ...
synaptic connections made by axons
... by interneurones would be regulated locally by surface molecules that induce and secure synapses but continue to allow narrow fluctuations in local connectivity. The expression of these molecules would be modulated by activity and by competitive interactions (Easter etal. 1985; Shatz and Sretavan, 1 ...
... by interneurones would be regulated locally by surface molecules that induce and secure synapses but continue to allow narrow fluctuations in local connectivity. The expression of these molecules would be modulated by activity and by competitive interactions (Easter etal. 1985; Shatz and Sretavan, 1 ...
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... Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 12) Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be ...
... Study Objective 1: SO 12.3 Describe the types of electrical signals that permit communication among neurons. Study Objective 2: SO 12.3.3 Describe the factors that maintain a resting membrane potential. Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 12) Na+/K+–ATPase is considered to be ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... Jacobs (1979) and Levine and Jacobs (1992), i.e.: (1) a slow and regular activity during quiet waking (1-4 Hz), (2) long duration action potential (>2 msec), (3) changes in activity directly correlated with changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontopho ...
... Jacobs (1979) and Levine and Jacobs (1992), i.e.: (1) a slow and regular activity during quiet waking (1-4 Hz), (2) long duration action potential (>2 msec), (3) changes in activity directly correlated with changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontopho ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... ter of serotonergic neurons, whereas the DRDSh consists of scattered serotonergic neurons in the surrounding regions (Abrams et al., 2005; Lowry et al., 2008). The rat DR has, however, been indicated to contain a substantial number of nonserotonergic neurons (Descarries et al., 1982). Numerous studi ...
... ter of serotonergic neurons, whereas the DRDSh consists of scattered serotonergic neurons in the surrounding regions (Abrams et al., 2005; Lowry et al., 2008). The rat DR has, however, been indicated to contain a substantial number of nonserotonergic neurons (Descarries et al., 1982). Numerous studi ...
THESIS D - Krishikosh
... I express my sincere thanks to Mr. S. N. Gawande. University Librarian, MAFSU, Nagpur. I also offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Dinesh Patil, Assistant Professors of Statistics, Department of Veterinary Genetics, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur for their suggestions and guidance as and when required ...
... I express my sincere thanks to Mr. S. N. Gawande. University Librarian, MAFSU, Nagpur. I also offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Dinesh Patil, Assistant Professors of Statistics, Department of Veterinary Genetics, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur for their suggestions and guidance as and when required ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... which its cells are connected to their inputs. Such precise connections are fonned during nonnal development in large part by the rearrangement of initial connections whose pattern is much more diffuse. The cortical network reorganizes itself under the influence of its own neural activity. The notio ...
... which its cells are connected to their inputs. Such precise connections are fonned during nonnal development in large part by the rearrangement of initial connections whose pattern is much more diffuse. The cortical network reorganizes itself under the influence of its own neural activity. The notio ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... in emotional processing and are robustly interconnected. By analogy with the pattern of connections in early processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association cortices send primarily feedforward projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex and to the amygdala originating ...
... in emotional processing and are robustly interconnected. By analogy with the pattern of connections in early processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association cortices send primarily feedforward projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex and to the amygdala originating ...
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... experiments on decorticated animals (3, 234). The cellular events underlying this rhythmic activity have been identified in vivo (305, 310) and in isolated thalamic slices in vitro (346). The biophysical mechanisms underlying spindle rhythmicity were uncovered in slice preparations, particularly the ...
... experiments on decorticated animals (3, 234). The cellular events underlying this rhythmic activity have been identified in vivo (305, 310) and in isolated thalamic slices in vitro (346). The biophysical mechanisms underlying spindle rhythmicity were uncovered in slice preparations, particularly the ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... and peripheral nervous system synapses. Due to their activitydependent release, as well as the subcellular localization of both protein and receptor, NTs are ideally suited to modify the strength of neuronal connections by “fine-tuning” synaptic activity through direct actions at presynaptic termina ...
... and peripheral nervous system synapses. Due to their activitydependent release, as well as the subcellular localization of both protein and receptor, NTs are ideally suited to modify the strength of neuronal connections by “fine-tuning” synaptic activity through direct actions at presynaptic termina ...